any locality. The average number of rooms in the South is approximately the same as in the Middle West. The households of the South, which, it will be remembered, average 2.06 boarders or lodgers, the highest number in any locality, are sufficiently large to bring the average of persons per room far above the average for the Middle West and almost as high as the average in Pennsylvania. In the Southwest, where the apartments average the smallest number of rooms, the average number of persons per apartment is also comparatively low.

A much better conception of crowding or congestion and the resultant effects upon living conditions among bituminous mine workers than that afforded by persons per apartment and per room, is furnished by an analysis of the number of persons per sleeping room in the households studied. Such an exhibit is made in the following table, which shows the number and per cent of households having each specified number of persons per sleeping room. Both the numbers and per cents are cumulative.

TABLE 89.-Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

General nativity and race of head of household.

Total
number number

Per cent of households having each specified number of persons per sleeping room.

of of perhouse- sons per holds. sleeping 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or more. more. more. [more. more. more. more. more. more. more.

room.

2 or

From the column showing average number of persons per sleeping room, it appears that no race averages as few as two persons per sleeping room nor as many as four persons. The Slovenians have the highest average, the Slovaks the second, and the Mexicans the third. The persons classed as native-born of English parentage have the lowest average, and the whites native-born of native father the next. The average for the total foreign-born is 3.02 and for the total native-born 2.32. In this, as in other comparisons of the nativeborn and foreign-born in respect to crowding, it should be remembered that the relative number of adults in foreign households is larger than in native households.

Percentages have been computed for all races represented by 20 or more households. Of the races with this representation, the Mexicans have the highest per cent of households sleeping two or more persons per room, the Germans the second, and the Slovaks the third. The Welsh rank lowest, the white persons native-born of native father rank second, and the English third in ascending order. It is noteworthy that all races represented by any considerable number of households have households with six or more persons per sleeping room. The Slovaks have 45 such households, the Poles 18, the Croatians 9, the North and South Italians each 7, and the Magyars 5, as compared with the whites native-born of native father and several other races reporting only 1.

The per cent of households having 3 or more persons per sleeping room is given for each of the bituminous mining areas in the table next submitted.

TABLE 90.-Per cent of households having 3 or more persons per sleeping room, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races.]

a This total includes households not given in the localities, because within a locality no race was tabulated unless 10 or more schedules were secured. Not computed, owing to small number involved.

Of all the races engaged in bituminous coal mining and included in the above table, the Slovaks have the highest per cent of households with 3 or more persons per sleeping room, or 66.7; the Poles rank next

with 65.6 per cent, and the South Italians third with 60 per cent. The figures for these three races by locality show marked variations in the frequency of the specified degree of crowding. In the Southwest, 57.1 per cent of the Slovak households, in the South 61.9 per cent, and in Pennsylvania 68.2 per cent, show an average of three or more persons per sleeping room. The Poles have 39.1 per cent in the Middle West, 44.4 per cent in the Southwest, 58 per cent in the South, and 75.8 per cent in Pennsylvania. The South Italians have 42.9 per cent in the Southwest, 56 per cent in the Middle West, 57.9 per cent in the South, and 73.4 per cent in Pennsylvania.

The white persons native-born of native father have 31.8 per cent of households in the Middle West with 3 or more persons per sleeping room, 33.3 per cent in Pennsylvania, and 43.4 per cent in the Southwest. In the Middle West and in Pennsylvania the white persons native-born of native father have the lowest per cents reported from these localities. In the Southwest four of the six races have lower per cents than the whites native-born of native father.

The per cents for the total of all races indicate that the specified degree of crowding per sleeping room is least common in the Middle West, most common in Pennsylvania, and more common in the South than in the Southwest.

The average number of persons per sleeping room, which has already been presented for the industry as a whole, is given in the following table for each locality.

TABLE 91.-Average number of persons per sleeping room, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 10 or more households reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races.]

• This total includes households not given in the localities, because within a locality no race was tabulated unless 10 or more schedules were secured.

The foregoing table shows the average number of persons per sleeping room for the entire industry and for all the races, to be 2.97. The lowest average reported is 2.14 for the whites native-born of native father in the Middle West; the highest average is 3.63, reported by the South Italians in Pennsylvania. The averages for all races show that

48296°-VOL 6-11-10

the crowding per sleeping room is greatest in Pennsylvania, followed by the South, the Southwest, and the Middle West.

In Pennsylvania the lowest average number of persons per sleeping room is 2.27, reported by white persons native-born of native father. Four other races average fewer than three persons. Of the six races which average three or more persons per sleeping room, the South Italians, with 3.63 persons, stand highest.

The effect of the congestion by apartment, by room, and by sleeping room, upon the general living conditions of the households studied is quickly apparent from a showing of the number and per cent of the rooms of the households not used for sleeping. The reduction of the number of persons per household and per room makes the use of separate rooms for cooking, eating, and general living purposes possible, while an increase in the number of persons per apartment and per room obviously has the opposite effect, reducing or wholly eliminating the space which may be utilized separately for other purposes than sleeping. The living conditions thus brought about are set forth in the tables which are submitted below, showing the number and percentage of rooms not used for sleeping, according to general nativity and race of head of household.

TABLE 92.-Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each speci fied number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.