thousand people in 1- and 2-week training courses and we will expand this by 50 percent this year.

Mr. BROWN. Well, I would like a little more information on this. I know that in California we have the State government enter into certain contracts to make use of aerospace technology, the so-called systems engineering groups. One of these was a waste management contract. It went to a company which had no prior experience in waste management per se, but was loaded with systems engineers. So, I presume they brought in the specialists that they needed and attempted to construct in the brief study that they made, some sort of approach based upon their particular expertise. But, there's a very real problem in developing a specific scientific skill directly related to this. I know when Los Angeles County set up their air pollution control district, they brought in chemists, civil engineers, all sorts of people that they thought would have a background related to this, but none of them really had experience in the total problem of how you control air pollution in the sense that you have been talking about it here.

I think we need to encourage this sort of approach, and if necessary we need to look backward. It just occurred to me while you were talking, that in this country we have had some examples of very skillful waste management in very prosaic ways. For example, the Dutch farmers in Pennsylvania used to and probably still do, carry on a very fine type of agriculture based upon the fact that they don't waste anything. They compost the manure, they do everything necessary to build a closed loop out of their agricultural operation. And, we need this sort of an approach to our whole scientific technology or industrial technology today. I'm just wondering if we are making any approaches in this direction or if we need to encourage further approaches to additional training drafts and things of that sort.

Mr. STERN. This is the sort of approach that is being encouraged in these environmental health type of training grants which are being made to universities where the students are being given course work and do their research in an interdisciplinary area that unites and relates all of these problems, one to the other.

Mr. DADDARIO. Mr. Roush?

Mr. ROUSH. Mr. Chairman, although you indicated that the committee would be getting this I want to restate my own feeling that we should know the answer to several questions, pertaining particularly to specific information. For instance, we should know how much money is being spent by HEW to whom it is being allotted, how many people are involved, the nature of their skills, where the research is being done, a description of the work which is being done by HEW, by other Government agencies who are being financed with HEW funds, and by private institutions and nonprofit institutions carrying on work with HEW funds. Then, Mr. Chairman, I had a more specific question. I'm wondering how you bring together the information which is obtained by the various research projects being financed by HEW and various other governmental agencies. Is your office the clearinghouse for the bringing together of such information? (Information requested is contained in vol. II, under section for HEW.) Mr. STERN. We have within our organization an Air Pollution Technical Information Center. This is the first of the governmental

type of technical information centers that are the result of the study by the Office of Science and Technology as to how governmental agencies should develop a technical information resource. Through this activity we attempt to maintain a central source from which people can get information on what is going on not only with governmental funding but also from any support, and to make it readily available to the public. We have had numerous publications and attempt as rapidly as information is obtainable to make it available by publication either in the form of technical papers that are published by technical societies, or of publication by our own agency.

Mr. ROUSH. I gather that industry is doing a great deal with the problem of air pollution. Is there a means of getting the results of their endeavors into this office so that it, too, might be made available to other industries and other users?

Mr. STERN. In cooperation with the principal technical association in this field, the Air Pollution Control Association, we jointly support the publication of what are called APCA abstracts-Air Pollution Control Association abstracts. We have contracted with the Library of Congress and with other agencies to obtain the basic literary resources and make them available so that they can be published. This includes information from industry sources as well as from governmental sources that are published either by this technical association or elsewhere in the world.

Mr. ROUSH. Is there any way that an industry which has a particular problem can direct its inquiry to you? They may say, "We are engaged in the manufacture of the following product and in the course of that manufacture we follow the following processes: We have an air pollution problem; and do you have information which would be helpful to us?" Can you answer that inquiry without sending them a pamphlet?

Mr. STERN. We have in addition to this Air Pollution Technical Information Center a fairly large organization known as our Technical Assistance Branch. This organization which has its headquarters in Cincinnati has been set up primarily to provide technical assistance to States, to cities, and to industry, and we have developed in this group expertise to answer most of the kinds of questions that cities, States, or industry ask with regard to air pollution.

Mr. ROUSH. Just one more question, Mr. Chairman. In your testimony you mentioned that Germany and Japan were taking certain steps to solve their pollution problems. Do we have a program whereby we can definitely benefit from the research which is being conducted in other countries?

Mr. MACKENZIE. Yes.

Mr. ROUSH. Is it sufficient?

Mr. MACKENZIE. I think we are fully cognizant of most of the significant work that is going on in the air pollution field elsewhere in the world. We have kept up on this by participation in a series of international organizations to the extent that we consider appropriate, and also through bilateral arrangements with a number of countries as well.

For example, we have cooperated with the World Health Organization by participation in their expert committees. We have also

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assigned to the World Health Organization an epidemiologist from our staff to assist it in getting data from various countries that would be of interest to us and to other countries. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, to which the United States is a party, has a group which is fostering cooperative projects in the air pollution control field in which members of our staff participate. We have collaborated with the Economic Commission for Europe which is engaged in the development of certain types of standards relating to the control of air pollution.

We have a bilateral arrangement with West Germany in connection with studies relating to the control of air pollution, particularly from automobiles and from fuel combustion. This is being developed further.

We have a bilateral agreement with the Japanese through the Science Board which has a specific Committee on Air Pollution. There is a severe air pollution problem in certain parts of Japan and there are cooperative research projects that have been inaugurated under these auspices. We have assigned an epidemiologist to the Tokyo-Yokohama area for collaborative work in studies of the socalled Yokohama asthma which has been very bothersome to military personnel assigned in this area and is a troublesome problem also in the local population.

Mr. ROUSH. I would like to be exposed to it for about a week. I think it might be very helpful right now. Go ahead.

Mr. MACKENZIE. Well, I cite these as examples of our activities in the international field. They provide opportunities, in my opinion, that we should take advantage of in order to keep fully abreast of what is going on elsewhere in the world.

Mr. ROUSH. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. DADDARIO. Mr. Vivian?

Mr. VIVIAN. On the subject of automobiles and pollution from automobiles, I get the impression from the Secretary's testimony that you see no solution on the problem of automobiles and air pollution therefrom except by replacement of the power system of automobiles by something other than an internal combustion engine. Is that a correct statement, sir?

Mr. STERN. I don't know as I would subscribe to that. I think there are opportunities for improvement in the internal combustion engine that we haven't fully explored. We really don't know the limits to which the present powerplant can be improved. We have some doubts as to whether it can be improved to the extent that we can double the number of automobiles without putting devices such as afterburners on cars. I wouldn't say at this time that we have written off the present form of engine as an impossible one for further improvement. Mr. VIVIAN. You regard the fuel cell as a possible alternative source of power?

Mr. STERN. Yes.

Mr. VIVIAN. And if you have fuel cells will you not almost totally eliminate the problem except in the generating plants which generate the power in the first place?

Mr. STERN. We don't have enough experience with the exhaust products from fuel cells to know whether they might have objectionable

chemical substances in them which are manufactured in the fuel cell in the same way that the exhaust from an automobile has chemical substances manufactured in the combustion chamber.

Mr. DADDARIO. Mr. MacKenzie, you mentioned that these antipollution devices for automobiles relate to new cars. We have, however, had some experience in California. How has this worked out? Has the device, which I understand costs $50, been accepted by people? Do people recognize its worth? Has it gained wide enough acceptance so that buyers could be enticed to make this extra expenditure even for a used car or for cars already on the road?

Mr. MACKENZIE. The experience in California to date has not been as successful as the California authorities had hoped it would be with respect to the application of control devices to used cars.

The California law authorized a requirement for application of devices on used cars in accordance with standards and criteria that would be adopted by the California board authorities. Up to now, this has not been invoked except in a partial way about 2 years ago. That application involved a partial requirement for installation of pollution control devices on used automobiles specifically for the installation of so-called blowby devices intended to take care of the emission from the crankcase of an engine by recirculating this back to the intake of the engine where the emission is then burned as its goes through the engine again.

These devices are relatively inexpensive. They were estimated to cost not more than perhaps $15 each when installed on a used car. The experience in installation with them, however, through the private automobile dealers, the garage mechanics, and others that were involved, was not very happy-initially. Apparently almost everything that was possible to go wrong did, I guess. Consequently, the requirement for installation of devices on used cars in California is not currently being applied. It is still being given consideration and I believe, under the present law in California, if devices are certified by the board that will meet the State's standards and criteria, these can then be required on a schedule that would be set up by California authorities. To date, however, this has not been done.

Mr. DADDARIO. Mr. Stern, you touch on the very serious problem of air pollution as a cause of disease and ill health. I wonder what research is being done in developing devices to clean up the air immediately prior to inhalation, including such things as masks, home devices, and others.

Mr. STERN. There is work going on in the area of development of improved respirators. This is not a charge of our Department. Respirator certification is and has been for some time a responsibility of the U.S. Bureau of Mines who set the standards for respirators. However, we have been supporting by research grant studies at Harvard of improvement in respirator design and studies that relate to the form and fit of face masks and to the ease or difficulty in using a respirator how much effort the individual must expend in breathing through a respirator. In buildings, of course, air filters are used as part of the means of cleaning air entering the building. Here certification methods have been developed by the U.S. Bureau of Standards. We have not been involved in methods of development or testing of air filters for buildings.

Mr. MACKENZIE. May I comment on this, Mr. Chairman?
Mr. DADDARIO. Yes.

Mr. MACKENZIE. We have considered it proper that our prime focus should be on the control of air pollution and not on means of personal protection by people. We would far prefer to take the course of maintaining the quality of the atmosphere so that it would be suitable for breathing purposes rather than resorting to and promoting any system by which people would have to go around with masks on. I cannot see this as a practical approach.

Mr. DADDABIO. I recognize that, but it is good to know that support is being given to this area of consideration.

(The biographical statement and complete prepared statement of Arthur C. Stern follows:)

BIOGRAPHICAL STATEMENT ON ARTHUR C. STERN

Educated Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey. M.E. 1930, M.S. 1933. Assistant Chief, Division of Air Pollution, U.S. Public Health Service, Washington, D.C., 1961 to present. Chief, Laboratory of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Division of Air Pollution, Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1955-1961. Assistant Clinical Professor, University of Cincinnati, 1959-1961. Chief, Engineering Unit, Division of Industrial Hygiene, New York State Department of Labor, 1942-1954. Directed New York City air pollution survey 1935-1938; Research for Smoke Abatement Research Endowment, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1930-1933. Chairman, American Standards Association, Sectional Committee on Industrial Ventilation (Z9). Member, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (Committee on Air Pollution Controls); member, American Industrial Hygiene Association (Air Pollution Committee); member, Air Pollution Control Association (Editorial and International Relations Committees). Diplomate, American Academy of Sanitary Engineers and American Board of Industrial Hygiene. Licensed Professional Engineer in Ohio and New York. Listed in Who's Who in America, Who's Who in Engineering, and American Men of Science. Editor of "Air Pollution" (2 Volumes), Academic Press, 1962.

PREPARED STATEMENT BY ARTHUR C. STERN, ASSISTANT CHIEF, DIVISION OF AIR POLLUTION, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE

Mr. Chairman and Members of the Committee:

I am pleased to have this opportunity to appear before you and to review the adequacy of present technology for controlling the problem of air pollution in this country.

Air pollution, as recently as the early 1940's, was perceived as a relatively simple problem having to do with the emission of black smoke and cinders, and confined to a relatively few Eastern and Midwestern industrial cities. The technology for controlling this kind of air pollution consisted of improvements in combustion practices, restrictions on the kinds of fuel used, and in some cases, devices to control cinder emissions. When smoke became so intense in some cities as to bring on a public clamor for relief, this technology was applied and, with considerable help from the fortuitous change from steam to diesel powered locomotives and the substitution of gas and oil for coal in space heating, the atmospheres of these cities visibly improved.

Today, Mr. Chairman, as you are well aware, the air pollution problem is known to be much more complex than this, and its effects are infinitely more serious than was once suspected. Moreover, these effects are felt daily in every region of the country.

One of the principal reasons the contemporary problem of air pollution must be controlled is that we know that it adversely effects human health. The tragic episodes of acute air pollution have made it clear that in high concentrations over very brief periods of time air pollution can cause death and disability. In Donora, Pennsylvania, in October 1948, during a short period of temperature inversion and fog, approximately 6,000 persons became ill, out of a population of