productions from Haarlem in the years between 1450 and 1470 it was supposed that this would supply the missing link between Koster and the later known printers in Haarlem twenty years later. But Atkyns declares that the printer in Haarlem was Gutenberg, and an examination of his book, with its evidences, shows that most of it is fabricated, and that there is no reason for believing that Oxford had a printing-office about 1468 or Haarlem one about 1460. The assertions of Meerman, however, have since been followed by all Dutch writers except Van der Linde, and the faith in the so-called "Koster legend" is still unshaken there. A statue was lately erected to Koster in Haarlem. Upon the pedestal is the following inscription: Another statue is in the public gardens. Krehbiel, Charles J., a printer of Cincinnati, was born at Cleveland, Ohio, on February 26, 1849. He is the eldest son and first child of the Rev. Jacob Krehbiel, an eminent minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and long the editor of the Christian Apologist, the organ of the German-speaking Methodists, who died on July 19, 1890. In early life he had himself been a printer. Charles J. Krehbiel attended the public-schools of Cleveland until his fourteenth year, when he became roller-boy to the hand-pressman in the poster department of the Cleveland Leader job-rooms. He remained there until he had acquired a good knowledge of presswork as it was practiced a generation ago, and then entered the composingroom of the same office. He was discharged because of his refusal to take a case in the news-room when his comrades were on strike for better pay. He served afterwards as an apprentice in the job office of George S. Newcomb & Co. in Cleveland, and in the office of the 320 Toledo Blade, removing to Cincinnati and there being employed as a journeyman in the pressroom of John Sauner, and subsequently in the composing-room of the Methodist Book Concern. In 1873 he entered into partnership with James S. Moss, under the firm-name of Krehbiel & Moss. On the death of Mr. Moss a few years later Mr. Krehbiel became sole owner of the business, which is that of general book and job work of the best kind. He has repeatedly been a delegate to the annual conventions of the United Typothetæ, is president of the Cincinnati Typothetæ, and is also the president of one of the leading fire insurance companies in that city. Kreuzchen (Ger.).-The cross (of a chase). Kulshenko, David, the greatest Russian printer, was born in 1830, and began work as a roller-boy. His employer was General Davidenko, who took an interest in him. He made him clerk and bookkeeper, and finally rented his office to him. It is located in Kieffe, in Southern Russia. The building is the finest structure in the city. He carries on letter-press printing, engraving, lithography and binding. Nearly a thousand hands are employed. CHARLES J. KREHBIEL. Kupferstiche (Ger.).-Copperplates. Kurbel (Ger.).-The rounce. Kurbelriemen (Ger.).-The leather straps below the bed in a hand-press which are wound and unwound as the form goes in and out. Kursiv (Ger.).-Italic. This is also spelled Cursiv; Kursivschrift, the Italic characters. L THE twelfth letter, is employed with medium frequency. In lower case it is as thin as any letter of the alphabet, and sometimes does not exceed a fifth of an em in thickness. The capital bears no resemblance to the lower L in Latin signifies 50, and with a dash over it 50,000. £, the English mark for pound sterling, is an L, and signifies libra, the Latin for pound. The other kind of pound, that of weight, fb, is from the same word. In book catalogues, against the imprint, 1. signifies loco, place. case. L. P.-Abbreviation for large paper copies of works. Label.-A small piece of printed paper affixed to a bottle, jar, box, &c. Labels are often printed by lithography and the rolling press, and are always intended to be ornamental, all of the resources of the printing-office being lavished upon them; many are done in colors. Paper 24 by 38 offers the best assortment for ordinary labels; 20 by 24 inches is the size for fine colored printing-papers, and also of painted or enameled papers. For labels for writing-paper 17 by 22 inches presents the best assortment of suitable thickness and price. Much of the art of a label printer consists in knowing what papers can be used and how the sheets can be cut up. A large order for labels can only be done with proper economy by electrotyping. Label Punches.-Sharp steel dies of various shapes for cutting labels in quantities. Labeurs (Fr.).—Jobs. Labor-Saving Rules.-Brass rule cut up into certain determinate lengths, usually multiples of nonpareil or pica, but occasionally of other sizes. The type-founders and furnishing-goods men manufacture labor-saving LABOR-SAVING RULE CASE. rule in all of the various faces that may be required, and of different thicknesses. The most usual kinds are dotted, light, light and heavy, parallel light, and light, heavy, and light. They are cut in lengths of two, two and a half and three ems, and so on up to forty or fifty ems on the light faces, and for such sizes as may be demanded on the heavier faces. Founders will also supply fonts in which certain small or large pieces shall be omitted. Many founders stamp the size of the piece on its side, so that the person who distributes may be able to tell the proper place in which each piece should be put without measuring. Labor-saving rule is usually kept in cases made for that purpose, the small pieces being sandwiched between the places required for the large pieces. Right and left mitred pieces are also cut. Labor-saving rules were first thought of by Houghton, an ingenious English printer, about 1846. They came into use about 1854 in this country, and have been extensively employed ever since. In job-work they are indispensable. Fifty years ago compositors cut their rules with shears, and then dressed them with files. Few could do this accurately, and a printing-office rarely had good shears kept in a proper condition. Rules were then always cut a trifle long to allow for the dressing. Since the introduction of labor-saving rule table-work has become as easy to set as any other. There is, however, much fine work upon which this kind of rule is not desirable. It is a good usage to have no join in a rule, and a size which has not been furnished will often be required. After the rule has been used for some time the joining becomes painfully apparent. For these reasons the Congressional Printing-Office, which does more tabular work than any other, does not allow labor-saving rule to be used in composition. Single pieces are required, and these must be cut in the office. Laced In.-When the mill-boards are attached to the volume by means of the slips being passed through holes made in the boards, they are said to be laced in or drawn in. Ladies' Cards.-The particular cards used for this purpose in England are smalls, size 31⁄2 by 21⁄2 inches. Any cards used for ladies' addresses are sometimes thus called in America. Lage (Ger.).—The gathering. Lagen Machen (Ger.).—To lay down the gatherings. Lagerman, Alexander, an inventor, is a native of Sweden, and is about fifty-six years of age. He was educated as an engineer, and many years ago made such inventions in manufacturing matches that all previous methods were abandoned. By his plan the cutting of the wood into pieces, splitting it apart, coating the parts with sulphur and phosphorus, tying up the perfected matches and papering are all automatic. He early had his attention called to typesetting machines, and after twenty years of toil invented one, which was used both in England and Sweden. In the latter country it met with more favor than in the other, as English compositors showed no desire to have it work with speed. Mr. Lagerman became convinced that he had not attacked the problem rightly. Too much depended upon the compositor, and he therefore determined to produce a machine which would facilitate the workman's labor and make him anxious for its employment. After three years he produced the small machine described in the next article. In it the type are caught and turned as they would be by a blind compositor, solely by the sense of feeling, but much more quickly, certainly and thoroughly. He is also the inventor of many other mechanical contrivances. His residence is at Jönköping, in Sweden, where he is the consulting engineer of the match works, the largest in the world. Lagerman Typotheter. This is the title of a small machine designed as an adjunct to the compositor, by which he can use both hands for setting. It consists of a funnel, a feeling apparatus, tumbling contrivances, an ejector and a movable galley. The whole does not occupy in space more than a foot square, and weighs less than fifty pounds. The funnel is fixed in front of the space box or letter t of the case, and the remainder of the mechanism is under the case. Seizing the letters with the right and left hands alternately, they are dropped into the funnel, which is lined with leather or some other smooth material. It is not of consequence how the char acters are grasped, whether upside down or not, as the machine finally rights them. When the letters fall to the bottom of the channel they are caught by fingers and moved along. If the nick is to the front and down the HIEROGLYPHIC. type is released at a certain distance and seized by other of each other can perceive the meaning of a series of as soon as it has received this portion of matter, drops down one line. Between these characters, then unjustified, and the next is a partition like a brass lead, which is a part of the galley. When the receptacle is full it is taken to another place, where the lines are pushed off into a stick, there being justified by hand. It is not supposed that by this contrivance as great a rate of speed can be attained as by the larger and more ponderous machines. The compositor by its use does not need to look for the nicks upon the type which he is setting, and he can use both hands in picking up. It is supposed from trials made that this saving will be from 80 to 90 per cent. Justification takes as long as at present, as does distribution. Altogether it is believed that three compositors will do as much as five can now accomplish. A justifying machine has been completed, but not yet shown in this country, although used in England. It justifies eight lines a minute. Laid Down.-A print strengthened by having a piece of paper pasted on its back. Such a print is depreciated as compared with others not so treated. Laid Paper.-Paper having lines water-marked or running through at equidistant intervals, these lines being thin places caused by the pressure of wires fastened to the exterior of the dandy-roll or wire-covered cylinder on the paper machine, under which the paper passes and by which it is pressed. Laid Up.-When a form is printed off and required for distribution it is said to be laid up when washed, placed on the board and unlocked. The same term is applied to a form placed on the imposing surface and ready for correction. Laminoir (Fr.).—A machine to roll paper with pressure so as to give it lustre. Lampblack.-The substance used in printing-ink to give it a black color. It is the soot derived from smoke. It is characterized by a total absence of crystalline structure, and by the exceedingly minute state of division of which it will admit. It may be prepared by burning organic matters rich in carbon with an imperfect supply of air and providing means for collecting the dense smoke or coal produced. The substance now most used from which this pigment is obtained is coal-tar, but many other substances are employed. Lang-Duodez (Ger.).-Long twelves. HIERATIC. orate system of signs by which many abstract ideas can be represented. Thus Dr. Gallaudet can preach a discourse and at the same time explain his meaning to those of his congregation who do not hear. The words are not generally individualized. Mutes have also a character alphabet taught in all of their schools. All sounds are 32311143211/21/2 2/4)9DINAMUPYMUTK>IID/4DVI ><MN37(<2)/42(YK)(11)||DPY22519(||| <IƆMY>112ƆLM21Ɔ3<MM)/425111U/>4 DEMOTIC. not reduced to writing, even in the English, French and German languages, and some express ideas without being translated into words. Before the Spaniards and English came to America the Indians had methods of representing ideas by drawings. So many suns meant so many days; a certain number of persons in one posture meant пенкот ет ђем ніфнот илреутово нхе пекран илресі ихе текцеторо, петегнак царецоп ифрн+ ђен тфе неи гіхен піклгі. пеншік нтераст иніц нан ифоот отогха нетерон HAN СБОЛ ифри гон нтендо СБОЛ NNHETEOTON NTAN epwor. отог перентен сон спірасиос алла NAZUEN СБОЛГА COPTIC. so many captives. Still another method of representing languages was hieroglyphically. At the present day. however, we generally mean by language the spoken sounds used for the purpose of communicating ideas, and, secondly, the written or printed characters which answer as a substitute for them. The latter, however, do not exactly represent the former. Two theories of the origin of language exist. One is that the words were received by Divine interposition, the word "ulieden" and the expression in the Southern States, "you-uns." The latter is "you ones" and the former is "you people." Yet in classical English no sign of this collective plural appears. In New York the rowdy uses a d for th in words like "with" and "them." This has sprung up within the century. The cockney dropping of the h does not seem to have existed to any extent when the United States were settled, as this perversion has no hold here. The letter r seems to be going ZEND. ferences make a new language. Thus Scotch (Lowland) and English, Dutch and Belgic, Erse and Gaelic are esteemed different languages. Three families of languages have a considerable literature, the Indo-European group, the Semitic and the Chinese-Japanese. The first, of course, is much the largest. Many attempts have been १ आरंभ मे बचन था और वह बचन परमेश्वर के संग था और वुह बचन २ परमेश्वर था । वुही आरंभ में परमेश्वर के संग था। 3 सब कुछ उस्से रचा गया था और उस बिना कुछ न रचा गया जो रचा गया। 8 उस में जीवन था और वुह जीवन मनुष्यन का उजियाला था । ५ और वुह उंजियाला अंधियारे में चमकता है औरअं धियारे ने उसे न बूझा। ६ यूहचा नाम एक मनुष्य परमेश्वर की ओर से SANSKRIT (DEVANAGARI). made to classify the existing speeches of the world, but it seems more difficult for the philologists of the present day to do so than it appeared to be half a century ago. Many points then thought settled are now regarded as unsettled. Much labor has been expended of late in obtaining vocabularies and specimens of the less known ငရ ယာ ယင ၅ဝ အရပ ပြဲမလော မ ဟာ ငလှ မ တပရ ဘာဏ ဟု ဟ တ ဂ င ဂ မ @ @ မာ ရသမ အဟ တ ၀ အ ပ ပမာဏ ပရ မရာ အတ နှင ရာ ic တမ တ င ၅ နာ BURMAN. languages, and the Bible or portions of it have been translated into many of them. Perhaps five hundred languages in all have given employment to the printingpress. The most considerable collection of languages printed in one book in any English-speaking country is the Lord's Prayer in Three Hundred Languages, pub Ενθ' και Τυδείδη Διομήδεϊ Παλλάς Αθήνη δῶκε μένος καὶ θάρσος, ἵν ̓ ἔκδηλος μετὰ πᾶσιν Αργείοισι γένοιτο, ἰδὲ κλέος ἐσθλὸν ἄροιτο. δατέ οἱ ἐκ κόρυθός τε καὶ ἀσπίδος ἀκάματον πῦρ, ἀστέρ' ὀπωρινῷ ἐναλίγκιον, ὥστε μάλιστα λαμπρὸν παμφαίνησι, λελουμένος Ὠκεανοῖο· τοῖόν οἱ πῦρ δαῖεν ἀπὸ κρατός τε καὶ ὤμων· ώρσε δέ μιν κατὰ μέσσον, ὅθι πλεῖστοι Ενθ' αὖ Τυδείδη Διομήδεϊ Παλλάς Αθήνη δῶκε μένος και Θάρσος, ἵν ἔκδηλος μετὰ πᾶσιν ̓Αργείοισι γένοιτο, ιδέ κλέος ἐσθλὸν ἄρειτο, δαῖς οἱ ἐκ κόρυθός τε καὶ ἀσπίδος ἀκάματον πῦρ, ἀστέο οπωρινῷ ἐναλίγκιον, ὅςτε μάλιστα, λαμπρὸν παμφαίνησι, λελουμενος Ωκεανοῖς τοῖον εἰ πῦρ δαῖον ἀπὸ κρατός τε καὶ ὤμων· ώρσε δέ μιν GREEK (TWO SIZES). lished by Messrs. Gilbert & Rivington of London. Some extracts have been taken from it for this work. The American Bible Society and the British and Foreign Bible Society have done much in preserving specimens of minor languages. The most considerable languages, judged by the number of people who speak or have spoken them and the literature which they contain, are the Greek, Latin, French, German, Spanish, Portuguese, English, Russian, Italian, Arabic, Chinese, Japanese and |