need acknowledge particular obligation to any excepting the great thesaurus of Mätzner (Berlin, 1873-5: there is an English version, but it is hardly to be used), to which I have constantly referred; especially drawing upon its rich stores of citations illustrating almost every conceivable point of English usage, for the benefit of the parsing exercises which are appended to the various chapters. In the body of the work, I have preferred to use almost exclusively illustrations made off-hand, because such seemed to me more desirable: the more familiar and every-day the exemplifications of principles, the better; and the pupil should be led to form them for himself as much as possible. I have also for the most part avoided the use of set rules, lest they should come to be applied mechanically. In studying the grammar of one's own language, the true end is not attained unless such a real understanding is gained by the scholar that he can state in his own language the principle involved; and he should be made, or helped, to do so. My thanks are due to several eminent scholars, among my colleagues and elsewhere, who have been kind enough to give me the benefit of their counsel during the progress of my work. YALE COLLEGE, NEW HAVEN, CONN., January, 1877. W. D. W. CHAPTER I. — LANGUAGE and Grammar, 1–15 (pp. 1–5). English language, its name and origin, 1-3; mixture of material in it, 4; its spread, 5; variety in time, 6; changes, 7; Anglo-Saxon, 8; local peculiarities, dialects, 9; good and bad English, 10; English grammar, 11; office of grammar, CHAPTER II. — THE SENTENCE; THE PARTS OF SPEECH, 16-55 Various kinds and uses of words, 16-8; parts of speech, 19; sentence, 20-1; kinds EXERCISES, FOR DETERMINING AND DEFINING THE PARTS OF SPEECH, pp. 21-3: I. Bare subject and predicate. II. With adjectives added. Changes of form of words, 56-7; number in noun and pronoun, 58; in verb, 59; government and agreement, 60; person in pronoun and verb, 61-3; tense and mode in verb, 64-5; inflection, conjugation of verb, 66-7; possessive case in noun and pronoun, 68-70; object, and objective case in pronoun and noun, 71-4; declension of noun and pronoun, 75; inflection and comparison of adjectives, 76-8; uninflected parts of speech, 79-80; methods of inflection, 81-6; base of EXERCISES, FOR PRACTICE IN INFLECTION, pp. 36-7: VII. Miscellaneous exam. CHAPTER IV. - DERIVATION AND COMPOSITION, 38-45). 88-107 (pp. Derivation, suffix, various examples of derivation by suffix, 88-96; derivation by internal change, 96-7; conversion of one part of speech to another, without change, 98-9; derivation by prefix, 100-1; composition, compound words, 102-7. EXERCISES, FOR ANALYZING DERIVATIVE AND COMPOUND WORDS, pp. 44-5: CLASSES OF NOUNS, 109-19: various classes, 109-12; common and proper nouns, 113; collectives, 114; gender-nouns, 115; diminutives, 116; simple, derivative, and INFLECTION OF NOUNS, 120-42: declension, 120; number, regular formation, 121–3; Other parts of speech used as nouns, 143 - 8. EXERCISES, FOR PRACTICE IN PARSING NOUNS, pp. 62-5: rules for parsing in PRONOUN, definition and uses, 149-50; inflection, 151; classification, 152. PERSONAL PRONOUNS, 153 - 65 person, 153; inflection, first and second persons, 155; uses of plural forms, 156-8; third person, gender, 159; inflection, 160; uses of gender forms, 161 - 2; of it, 163; compounds, with self etc., 164; possessives, 165. RELATIVE OR CONJUNCTIVE PRONOUNS, 174-87: relative and antecedent, 174-6; CHAPTER VII. — ADJECTIVES, 190-221 (pp. 83–98). ADJECTIVE, definition and use, 190; descriptive and limiting use, 191; simple, de- rivative, and compound adjectives, 192-4; classes of adjectives, 195. ADJECTIVES OF QUALITY, 196-203: inflection, 196; comparison, 197-201; irregular comparison, 202; use as noun and adverb etc., 203. PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES, 204-11: possessive, 205-7; demonstrative, 208; inter- rogative, 209; relative, 210; indefinite, 211. NUMERALS, 212-18: cardinals, 212-5; ordinals, 216; fractionals, 217; multiplica- VERB, definition and use, 222; transitive and intransitive verbs, 223; simple, de- rivative, and compound verbs, 224-6; inflection, 227; for person and number, 228-30; for tense and mode, 231-4; infinitives and participles, 233-8; conjuga- tions, New and Old, 239 – 40; examples of both conjugations, 241; principal parts, NEW CONJUGATION, 244-56: regular verbs, 244; irregular, 245–56. OLD CONJUGATION, 257-75: characteristics, 257; classes and irregularities, 258-60; OTHER IRREGULAR VERBS (auxiliaries), 276-8. COMPOUND VERBAL FORMS, VERB-PHRASES, 279-305: emphatic verb-phrases, 279-80; REFLEXIVE AND IMPERSONAL VERBS, 306–7. EXERCISES, FOR PRACTICE IN PARSING VERBS, pp. 131-4: examples of parsing CHAPTER IX. — ADVERBS, 308-18 (pp. 136-42). Offices of adverbs, 308-10; classes of adverbs, 311; simple, derivative, and com- pound adverbs, 312-4; adverb-phrases, 315; comparison of adverbs, 316; there CHAPTER XI. CONJUNCTIONS, 327-31 (pp. 147–51). - Office of a conjunction, 327; co-ordinating and subordinating conjunctions and Syntax, 337; kinds of sentence, 338-9; essential elements of the sentence, 340-44; PREDICATE NOUN AND ADJECTIVE, 350-57: incomplete verbs, 350; addition of OBJECT OF THE VERB, 358-68: transitive verb and its object, 358-9; intransitives and verbs used intransitively, 360 - 61; objects of intransitives, 362; direct and OBJECTIVE OR FACTITIVE PREDICATE, 369 - 71. ATTRIBUTIVE AND APPOSITIVE ADJECTIVE AND NOUN, 372-9: attributive adjective, 372-4; appositive noun, 375; appositive adjective, 376; attributive noun, 377; GENITIVE OR POSSESSIVE CASE OF NOUNS, 384-9: possessive genitive, 384; sub- PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES, 398-404 uses of prepositions, 398-400; prepositional adjective and adverb phrases, 401 - 4. Summary of the combinations forming a simple sentence, 405-6; bare and com- EXERCISES, FOR PRACTICE IN SIMPLE SENTENCE CONSTRUCTIONS, pp. 181-7. XIII. Impersonal, collective, and compound subjects. XIV. Predicate noun and adjective; adverbial predicate. XV. Objects of the verb; objective predi- cate. XVI. Attributive and appositive adjective and noun. XVII. Adverbs. XVIII. Possessive case and possessives. XIX. Adverbial objective and nom- CHAPTER XIV. — COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCES, 411-37 Filling up and combination of sentences, 411-4; combining words, clauses, 415; degrees of combination, 416; independent clauses, compound sentence, 417-9; dependent clauses, complex sentence, 420-4; complex sentences with more EXERCISES, FOR PRACTICE IN COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCES, pp. 201-10. XXI. Combination and separation of sentences. XXII. Compound sentences: independent co-ordinate clauses. XXIII. Complex sentences (with one depend- ent clause). XXIV. Complex sentences (with more than one dependent clause); compound-complex sentences. XXV. Adjective-clauses. XXVI. Adverb-clauses. XXVII. Substantive-clauses. XXVIII. Omission of that; dependent clauses of |