between real pronouns on the one hand, and nouns and adjectives on the other. 189. To this class belong : The distributives each, either, and neither. The words of number and quantity some, any, many, few, all, both, one and none, aught and naught. The compounds of some, any, every, and no, with one, thing, and body as something, anyone, nobody; also somewhat. The comparatives such, other. Of these words, only one and other have plural forms, ones and others; and they only rarely or never (except one and other and the compounds of one, thing, and body) form a genitive case. Each other and one another are pronoun-phrases, having a RECIPROCAL or 'mutual' sense, and now used as if simple pronouns. By origin, fond of one another, for example, is really one fond of another, and they love each other is they love, each (of them the) other, each being in apposition (378) with they: and so on. EXERCISES TO CHAPTER VI. ON PRONOUNS. In parsing a pronoun, we have first to tell to which of the five classes personal, demonstrative, interrogative, relative, or indefinite -it belongs. Then, if it is personal or relative, its person must be defined; if of the third person singular, its gender. If it is a simple relative, its antecedent is to be pointed out; if a compound relative, the equivalent antecedent and simple relative are to be given. If it is inflected, the declension is to be given, and the case and number are to be defined. The constructions of a pronoun are the same with those of a noun. Example of parsing pronouns. These are the men, some of whom visited us yesterday. We first divide the sentence into its two clauses (or the two minor sentences of which it is made up), and point out the bare subject and predicate of each. If written, the clause containing the relative may be put under the other, and in such a way that the relative comes directly beneath its antecedent; and then the two latter may be joined by a bracket, to signify that their relation is what binds the two clauses together into one sentence. Thus : These are the men) some of whom I visited us yesterday. It will be pointed out later, in the Syntax (Chap. XIV.), that such a sentence as this is called "complex," and that the clause containing the relative is called an "adjective clause," because it describes the noun men. In parsing, we take up the words in the same order as hitherto. These is a demonstrative pronoun, in the plural number (sing. this, pl. these), and nominative case, being the subject of the sentence, or subject-nominative of the verb are. The rest of the words in the first or main clause are passed over here, as they are like words already parsed (at the end of the preceding chapter). Some is an indefinite pronoun (of number or quantity); it is uninflected, but has here the value of a plural, since it signifies more than one man, and of a nominative case, because it is the subject of the sentence, or subject-nominative of the verb visited. Whom is a relative pronoun, having for its antecedent men, and joining to men the descriptive clause some of whom visited us yesterday, in order to show what men are meant. It is of the third person, and plural, because its antecedent men is so; and in the objective case, because it is the object of the preposition of, being joined by of to some, in order to show what the persons signified by some are a part of. Of should be next described, and then visited, in the same manner as before (p. 63); and then we take up us. Us is a personal pronoun, of the first person, inflected thus: I, my or mine (etc.: 155); it is in the plural number, and in the objective case, because it is the direct object of the verb visited, being added to the verb to show whom the persons referred to visited. Yesterday is an adverb, qualifying the verb visited, being added to it to show the time of visiting. If we have a relative pronoun belonging not to the subject but to the predicate of the clause in which it occurs, we must rearrange the clause so as to put the relative into the usual place of such a member of the sentence, whatever it may be. Thus, in the expressions the man whom we saw, the book which he was talking of, we must change the order of the relative clauses to we saw whom, he was talking of which. This makes the clauses seem strange and unnatural, because in our ways of speaking we always put the relative at or near the head of its clause; but the rearrangement is important, in order to help the scholar to realize what part the relative, notwithstanding its position, really bears in the making-up of the sentence. Then we still put the relative just beneath its antecedent: thus, the man I is gone we saw whom.) I found the book) he was talking of which.) In order to make this arrangement, a compound relative has to be taken apart into the antecedent and simple relative which would have the same value; and then, after the two are connected by the bracket, the word which they represent may be written beside them: thus, the sentence I cannot imagine what you are talking about would be rearranged in this manner : I cannot imagine that you are talking about which In the Syntax (Chapter XIV.), we shall learn another and briefer way of treating a compound relative clause: calling it, namely, a "substantive clause," and (in an example like that given here) itself the object of the verb. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE IN PARSING PRONOUNS. For practice in parsing the pronouns, especially the personal pronouns, in their simpler constructions, the exercises to Chapter II. (pp. 21-23) may be resorted to. The additional sentences here given illustrate especially the relatives, and the more exceptional uses of the other pronouns. X. Miscellaneous Examples. The sun seemed shorn of his beams. Earth with her thousand voices praises God. The forest's leaping panther shall yield his spotted hide. Back to the joyous Alps, who call to her aloud. Here folly still his votaries inthralls. The fur which warms a monarch warmed a bear. We were not born to sue. It was told the king of Egypt that the people fled. To him it mattered little which of the two parties triumphed. Who hath redness of eyes? Whether of them twain did the will of his father? I that speak to thee am he. His praise is lost who waits till all commend. All that wealth e'er gave Awaits alike the inevitable hour. He that would honor win must not fear dying. I could a tale unfold whose lightest word would harrow up thy soul. He that endureth to the end shall be saved. Few shall part where many meet. By others' faults wise men correct their own. The many rend the skies with loud applause. "Tis Providence alone secures In every change both mine and yours. Few and short were the prayers we said. Whoso sheddeth man's blood, by man shall his blood be shed. CHAPTER VII. ADJECTIVES. 190. An adjective, as we saw in the chapter on the parts of speech (37-39), is a word used to qualify a noun. It is a descriptive word, pointing out some quality or condition or action or relation, or the like, as belonging to the object signified by the noun it qualifies. For example: good man; red ribbon; fast horse; quiet sea; whipped dog; this book; yonder tree. 191. The adjective added to a noun does not directly assert anything to belong to what the noun expresses. be done by means of a verb: thus, the man is good; That can only the horse is fast; the ribbon is red; and so on. The adjective merely mentions the quality, etc., either implying that the quality might be asserted, or limiting the noun to those objects of which the quality might be asserted. The adjective is sometimes a more important and sometimes a less important addition to the noun and member of the sentence. If we say, for example, the brave soldier was wounded with a sharp sword, and his red blood flowed from the deep cut, the adjectives brave, sharp, red, and deep are simply descriptive or pictorial, and the sentence would mean essentially the same thing if they were omitted. But if we say brave soldiers do not run away; the same adjectives are of much more consequence; since it is implied in each |