sonant with prudence, to drink so as to produce | In his natural arrangement, he has placed tothat exhilaration of spirits which takes place bacco in the class Luride; which signifies pale, just on this side of intoxication; but I hesitate ghastly, livid, dismal, and fatal. To the same not to pronounce, that the repetition of such ominous class belong, foxglove, henbane, deadly practices is pernicious to health, and dangerous nightshade, and another poisonous plant, bearto morals. Can not wisdom devise a plan of ing the tremendous name of Atropa, one of the social intercourse, independent of the stimulus Furies. Let us examine one of them, viz.: Toof the bottle? It is said, such plans existed in bacco, its qualities, and its effects on the human the city of Geneva, before the French inflicted constitution. the benefits of their liberty on that philosophic people.

The Turks, who were forbidden by Mahomet to drink wine, intoxicated themselves with opium. It is said, that some will eat more than an ounce in a day. We have seen, that nothing so effectually preserves health, and prevents disease, as maintaining the tone and regular motions of the digestive organs; and there is no drug in common use which renders them so torpid, and which so effectually stagnates their functions, as opium. After destroying the energy of the stomach, it undermines the powers of all the other organs in succession, even to the organ of thought. Travelers inform us, that the visage and general appearance of the opium- | caters in Turkey are the most disgusting imaginable, even worse than our most abandoned rumdrinkers. Some of these miserable Turks have, however, mind enough left to destroy themselves by the dagger, to prevent living, or rather breathing a few years longer, in a state of confirmed idiotism, which is the fate of most of them during the latter years of their existence. Thus much for opium: but what shall we say of Nicotiana, or our beloved Tobacco ?

With what caution should a man procced, in attacking a favorite of the people? A prudent man, one who wishes to sail quietly down the popular stream, would be disposed rather to flatter and applaud the object of ther affections. But an honest man, who differs a little from him, commonly designated as a prudent one, can never flatter where he feels a friendship. He will give the true character of a dangerous inmate, and warn his friend of the consequences of cherishing a viper in his bosom. You already perceive, that although we would give "fair play" even to a treacherous enemy, yet tobacco has done, and is secretly doing, too much mischief to expect any more from us than a severe trial, and rigorous justice.

The great Linnæus has, beside his celebrated artificial classification, given us a natural one.

When tobacco is for the first time taken into the mouth, it creates nausea and extreme disgust. | If swallowed, it excites violent convulsions of the stomach and of the bowels, to eject the poison either upward or downward. If it be not very speedily and entirely ejected, it produces great anxiety, vertigo, faintness, and prostration of all the senses; and in many instances death has followed. The oil of this plant is one of the strongest of vegetable poisons, insomuch, that we know of no animal that can resist its mortal effects. These are, without exaggeration, some of the lurid qualities of our beloved tobacco. Let us now see if it can be agreeable to the laws of the animal economy, or consonant to common sense, that a plant with such qualities can act otherwise than detrimental to the tender constitutions of young persons.

The human organs are endowed with a faculty of selecting certain wholesome articles; and our digestive apparatus, of assimilating and changing them into our own nature and substance. Beside this nutritive faculty, our organs are endowed with a repulsive one-with certain instincts, or perceptions, by which they reject whatever is unwholesome or pernicious to our well being. These powers and faculties, purely instinctive, are more or less possessed by every healthy animal. Man, endued with reason, has these instincts in less perfection than the brutes.

The organs of the senses are so many guards, or sentinels, placed at those avenues where death is most likely to enter. For illustration, let us suppose a man cast ashore on some uninhabited island, and roaming among unknown fruits and herbs, with a desire to satisfy his hunger; he knows not whether what he finds be wholesome or poisonous. What naturally follows? The first examination which the vegetable undergoes, is that of the eye; if it incur its displeasure, by looking disagreeable and forbidding, even this may induce him to throw it away; but if it be agreeable to the sense of seeing, it is next submitted to the examination of the smell, which not unfrequently discovers latent mischief, concealed from the sight; if not

mentioned child he gave the orange, and to the other the wine. The effects followed as before: A striking and demonstrative proof of the pernicious effects of wine on the displeasing to the sight, nor disagreeable to the

constitution of children in full health.

smell, he readily submits it to the scrutiny of

the next guard, the tongue; and if the taste too approbate the choice, he no longer hesitates, but, eating it, conveys it into his stomach and intestines; both of which, like faithful bodyguards, are endowed with a nice perception and prompt action, by which, if what was eaten as wholesome food should, notwithstanding all the former examinations, still possess a latent quality injurious to life, the stomach is stimulated to reject it upward, or the intestines to expel it downward. These internal perceptions, and consequent exertions, are the first and most simple acts of Nature, being purely instinctive, constituting what physicians call the " Vis medicatrix naturæ," or, reaction of the system.

lavishly spit away, we remove one of the strongest causes of hunger and digestion. The chyle, prepared without this fluid, is depraved, and the blood is vitiated for want of it. I once tried," said this great philosopher and consummate physician, "an experiment on myself, by spitting out all my saliva; the consequence was, that I lost my appetite.* Hence we see the pernicious effects of chewing and smoking tobacco. I am of the opinion that smoking tobacco is very pernicious to lean and hypochondriacal persons, by destroying their appetite and weakening digestion. When this celebrated plant was first brought into use in Europe, it was cried up for a certain antidote to hunger; but it was soon observed that the number of hypochondriacal and consumptive people were greatly increased by its use." The celebrated Cullen says, a constant chewing of tobacco destroys the appetite, by depriving the constitution of too much saliva."

Let us suppose that our hungry adventurer had fallen on the tobacco-plant; he would find nothing forbidding in its appearance; to his smell it would be rather ungrateful; to his taste so nauseating, that it is surprising how the same man ever ventured to taste green tobacco twice; but if taken into his stomach, convul- One of the kings of Spain was afflicted with a sions, fainting, and a temporary loss of his very offensive breath; to remedy which, the senses, follow; accompanied with violent and physicians advised his majesty to chew a comnasty operations. If that which is wholesome position of gum arabic, ambergris, and other affect the senses of animals with pleasure, and perfumes, the use of which occasioned a great invite them to convert it into their own juices; expenditure of saliva. The courtiers, either out and if that which is unwholesome excite disgust of compliment to their sovereign, or, what is in smell, taste, and appetite, then would our admore probable, from the vanity of imitating venturer rank this herb among poisons, and their superiors, went very generally into the note it as one of those which Nature forbade same custom. The consequence was, that they him to use. Yet man, by perverting his nature, who followed the fashion with most ardor lost has learnt to love it! and when perverted nature their appetites and became emaciated; and conexcites a desire, that appetite or desire is in-sumptions increased so fast among them, that ordinate and ungovernable; for the reaction, or the practice was forbidden by royal edict. physical resistance, will, like that of the moral,

Some do not eject the saliva, but prefer swal

to induce faintness, palpitations of the heart, trembling of the limbs, and, sooner or later, some serious chronical inconvenience.

lessen in proportion to the repetition of the at-lowing the nasty mixture, which seldom fails tacks; and then those guards of health, already mentioned, desert Nature, and go over to the side of her enemy; and thus we see how intemperate drinking and immoderate smoking began their destructive career.

The first effect of tobacco on those who have surmounted the natural abhorrence of it, and who have not only learnt to endure it, but even to love it, and who have already commenced the nasty custom of chewing or smoking, is, either a waste or vitiation of the saliva.

The saliva, or spittle, is secreted, by a complex glandular apparatus, from the most refined arterial blood, and constantly distills into the mouth in health, and from the mouth into the stomach, at the rate of twelve ounces a day. It very much resembles the gastric juice in the stomach; and its importance in digestion may be imagined, after listening to the words of the great Boerhave. "Whenever the saliva is

After what has been said, who can doubt of the bad effects of constant application of powdered tobacco to the delicate membrane of the

nose.

I have been a Professor in this University twenty-three years, and can say, as a physician, that I never saw so many pallid faces, and so many marks of declining health; nor ever knew so many hectical habits and consumptive affections, as of late years; and I trace this alarming inroad on your young constitutions, principally to the pernicious custom of smoking cigars.

It is allowed by all, that since the foundation of this college, the custom of smoking never wa s

Females who spin flax, and the manufacturers o straw bonnets, suffer from the same cause.

does not masticate his food properly, and mix it thoroughly with a due portion of saliva, will find his digestion fail; and this failure will gradually open the avenues to death.

so general; it is conceded by all, that individuals never pushed the fashion to such extent; and it is confessed by all, that the inhabitants of this place never appeared so pallid, languid, and unhealthy. I will not say, with some, that symptoms of languor have been discernible in your public performances; nor am I disposed to attribute it wholly to the causes mentioned in this lecture. I believe some of you study more than is consistent with health, and exercise less than is necessary for persons of your age. I feel a particular solicitude for such worthy characters as become sickly by indiscreet diligence; and I entreat them to consider, that the habit cf smoking increases muscular indolence. Nor is this all smoking creates an unnatural thirst, and leads to the use of spirituous liquors. I will not vouch for the truth of the common observation, that great smokers are generally tip-destructive effects of indolence, and the perplers. They appear to be, however, different strands of the same rope.

Do you not, gentlemen, see clearly, that this nasty, idle custom includes the insidious effects of indolence; the deleterious effects of a powerful narcotic fumigation; and pernicious effects consequent to the use of ardent and vinous spirits, destructive agents to men, but which act with redoubled force on the more susceptible frames of youth? I appeal to experience. I ask, whether he who indulges himself in this way, does not awake in the morning hot, restless, and dissatisfied with himself? The sound of the bell grates his nerves. Even the

"Prime cheerer, light, "Of all material beings first and best," is an unwelcome intruder. He dresses with languor and fretfulness; his mouth is clammy and bitter; his head aches, and his stomach is uneasy, till composed a little by some warm tea or coffee. After stretching and yawning, he tries to numb his irksome feelings by a cigar and a glass of wine, or a little diluted brandy. These disagreeable sensations will, however, come and go, through the course of the day, in spite of all his soporifics. By evening, a handful of cigars, a few glasses of wine, etc., remove, by their stronger stimulus, these troublesome sensations; when he tumbles into bed, and rises the next morning with similar feelings, and pursues the same course to get rid of them. Does this look like a faithful extract from the diary of Blood?"

a

I am entirely convinced, that smoking and chewing injure ultimately the hearing, smell, taste, and teeth. "Good teeth," says Hippocrates, "conduce to long life!" because he who

The practice of smoking is productive of indolence, and tends to confirm the lazy in their laziness. Instead of exercising in the open air, as formerly, you sit down before large fires, and smoke tobacco. This hot fumigation opens the pores of the head, throat, neck, and chest; and you pass out, in a reeking sweat, into a damp, cold atmosphere; the patulent pores are suddenly closed; hence arise disorders of the head, throat, and lungs. These causes, coöperating with those already mentioned, produce those hectic symptoms and consumptive complaints that have been multiplying among you to an alarming degree; for this nasty custom includes the

nicious effects of the too frequent use of vinous and ardent spirits; agents destructive to fullgrown men ; but which act with redoubled force on the more susceptible frames of young gentlemen in the spring of life.

Some have said, and the observation carries with it a handsome compliment, "that smoking can not be an evil custom, seeing most of the clergy follow it." I am mortified that such authority can be adduced to oppose our advice. I will, nevertheless, venture to warn you, who expect to be clothed with the sacred function, against this inconvenient practice, until you are at least fifty years of age.*

The gentlemen of the clergy drink sparingly, even of wine; but many, who indulge in smoking, drink enormous quantities of hot tea, which Boerhaave observes to be one of the pernicious consequences of smoking tobacco, as it assists to bring on hypochondriac and other dismal disorders. By forbearing to do what may innocently be done, we may add hourly new vigor to resolution. I can hardly believe there ever was a rigidly virtuous man who became a slave to tobacco. To set the mind above the appetite, says the British moralist, is the end of abstinence; and abstinence is the groundwork of virtue. For want of denying early and inflexibly, we may be enticed into the recesses of indulgence, and sloth and despondency may close the passage to our return.

I hope that those of the clergy who follow remarkably this custom, will receive kindly what I utter seriously, respectfully, and affectionately. Strengthen, I beseech you, the

Those who do not use tobacco till they are fifty will rarely begin.

To conclude. The moral to be deduced from our whole Lecture is, the necessity of avoiding all predisposing causes to nervous disorders, and obviating the remote causes of consumption. Quit, then, this pernicious habit, I beseech you. Take all your cigars and tobacco, and in some calm evening carry them on to the Common, and there sacrifice them to health, cleanliness, are unwholesome.

Our Motives for Action.

E

BY REV. HENRY WARD BEECHER.

Or, industry may arise from a desire to gratify the appetites and passions. Men are willing to work in the present for the sake of some gratification in the future.

Or, industry may be the result of fear; as, for instance, when the slave works with the lash behind him. And the poor are in some senso slaves to fear. Hunger, cold, all the evils of the inclement season, are so many lashes that are always driving men, and saying to them, "Work, or suffer!" And they work, and

VERY act has a number of results. When | The reason in this case is one of pure physical we perform an action with the foresight of impulse or necessity. some one or all of these results, and for their sake, it is called acting from a motive. It is acting for a reason, or from that which moves or influences our reason. Take the simple physical act of firing a cannon. Beside the stroke of the ball, there is the hurtling sound. That is for the ear. There is the curling, rolling smoke. That is for the eye. There is the jar and concussion. That is for the whole body. And one might, under different circumstances, select either of these effects as the reason or motive for firing. In war, it is the crushing and destruc-grumble as they work, because they do not want tion of life that is the motive. If it be a scientific experiment, the power of destroying, but not actual death, is the motive. If it be a holiday, it is the sound, and not the ball, that is the motive. If one is a student of physics, it may be the generation and expansion of gases, or it may be the gases made visible as vapor or smoke, that are the motives. And so any one of many different effects may become, in turn, the reason why you discharge a cannon. And by examining almost any physical act, you see that it may be done for a variety of reasons. The circumstances which relate to a single act are multiform.

And if this be true in regard to matter, how much more important does it become when the * action is related chiefly to the human mind. A single act, or still more a line of action, of an intelligent being, may sustain direct relations to every one of the whole of the faculties on the scale of the mind. A line of action may gratify the body, and at the same time please the mind. It may yield physical pleasure, and at the same time satisfy pride. The relations of our actions to our fellow-men may cause one's vanity to be pleased. Some shade of influence in all acts which please us may benefit others; and so benevolence may be gratified.

to suffer. Thousands of men are industrious drudges; for a man who works when he does not want to, and from a low motive is a drudge.

Or, industry may be the result of vanity. There are many children (and men are but children overgrown) that work because they are praised for working. Their reputation and position in life have been gained; their standing among men is more than equal to that of those whose praise they covet; their industries are known, and they are praised, and praise turns the wheel of their will.

Then there are some, I doubt not, who work from the spirit of self-respect. There is something comely in their work. It is beseeming. It comports with their idea of dignity and selfestimation. They work because it is right and proper for them to work.

Let us select the simple element of industry as a course of action. Why are men indus-industry. trious? It may be from any of eight or ten reasons; and those eight or ten reasons may divide and multiply themselves into scores of reasons. Some are industrious because they have such nervous activity that not to be industrious is more painful than to be industrious.

Or, it may be benevolence that shall incite men to industry. They may perceive the relation of their occupations to the welfare of society. They may perceive that good order and general prosperity turn on industry and frugality. A man may be strongly prone to industry