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'OT the least important of all materials that have played an indirect part in bringing the titanic struggle "over there" to a final and successful conclusion is paint.

Strange, but true, the average American never thinks of paint as a war necessity, or as having any direct relation to, or bearing Nevertheless, our eson, war activities. sential industries have been driven at top speed in turning out material and equipment necessary to the maintenance of war and consuming vast amounts of wood and metal, which have to be painted. No other class of material has a greater diversity of uses, or enters into more phases of war production as an aid in making the prime more of warfare instruments efficient, durable and effective than does paint.

Perhaps the most vivid example is the use of paint for camouflage. This particular field covers troop trains, ordnance, motortrucks, tanks, roads and all types of ships.

In addition to being less conspicuous on the high seas, the lines of a camouflaged ship are so broken up that a submarine finds difficulty in locating its center, thus making a very uncertain target for the deadly torpedo. Paint in this instance is used as an aid in protecting both life and maritime property.

The camouflaging of troop trains, ordnance and motor trucks serves to make such objects less conspicuous to enemy observation.

Aerial photography is likewise hampered. Camouflaged objects are not distinguishable at high altitudes. Burlap or the canvas camouflaged and spread on ground cannot be distinguished from the

landscape at an altitude of 1,000 feet, consequently it is necessary for enemy observers or photographers to fly at low altitudes in order successfully to conduct their operations, which brings them within easy range of anti-aircraft guns.

Uncle Sam's consumption of paint at the navy yards and shipbuilding plants is enormous. Every inch of wood and metal that enters into ship construction must be painted. Special types of paint are available for different surfaces according to their nature and the conditions they encounter in actual use. Hulls must be painted with special paints to protect them from the salt water, and more especially is this true of metal hulls, where corrosion from the salt water would soon render them unseaworthy. The marine line includes paints and varnishes for hulls, decks, cabins, inside woodwork, machinery and smoke stacks or funnels, all of which represent a highly specialized branch of the paint industry.

These materials are not used merely for decorative purposes. Such surfaces must be protected and made as impervious to severe exposure as possible, permitting use for the longest period without repair or replacement.

One of the most highly sensitized instruments of modern warfare is the flying machine, every constructive detail of which is based on the most unerring accuracy. Paint specialties find many uses here.

Propeller blades, made of a certain wood, must be very smooth in order to reduce wind resistance to a minimum. Wood filler and special varnish gives the right surface, and one that also protects them from moisture and dampness.

All wood used in aeroplane construction has to be specially finished. Even the wings are coated to make them tougher and more durable. While the quantity of material consumed in this branch of the military organization is small compared with others, yet its use is important and necessary in giving stability and durability to parts which are subject to severe strain and exposure.

As cleanliness and sanitation are the watch dogs of camp life and essential to healthy and vigorous manhood, paint has done its part in providing sanitary and washable surfaces that stand for the highest ideals of cleanliness. Hardly a limit can be placed on the number of smaller, but equally important uses of paint, varnish, enamel, lacquer, stain, filler and shellac for war purposes.

Floating mines are covered with baking japan in order to present rust and corrosion. Assurance of the performance of their duty at the right moment depends in a large degree on this protection.

Varnishes and lacquers are used on shell cases to protect them from corrosion and insure a smooth-fitting surface to gun breeches. This protection is needed, not only in transportation overseas, but on the battlefields.

Ammunition wagons, gun carriages and all rolling stock used on the field are painted. Ammunition boxes are protected from moisture and dampness with paint coatings. Gunstocks require special finishing material to make them resistant to mud, water, heat, cold and other conditions encountered in service.

Field tents and tarpaulins are all coated to make them waterproof and durable.

So in this vast war program we find hardly a single object but what requires the use of paint, either in whole or part. Large paint manufacturers have been called upon to supply these abnormal quantities of paint materials for Government use and supply them in undue haste. Certain raw materials have been hard to get, among them lead and zinc, which are prime pig. ments entering into a great variety of paint products.

Railroad transportation has been slow and uncertain. Labor has been scarce. Packages have been difficult to obtain due to the necessity of packing foodstuffs in tin containers for shipment abroad-and yet Uncle Sam has had to have the goods and have them quickly.

All these conditions the manufacturer has had to overcome, and in the face of an unprecedented demand. Certain of the important manufacturers with exceptional facilities have surmounted all these obstacles to a remarkable degree and met the emergency.

Uncle Sam is not only a liberal purchaser of paints, but an exacting one as well. All his requirements are based on formulae which have been developed by the governmental staff of technical experts, cov ering paints, varnishes and enamels for all types of work. These formulae are used as a standard in soliciting bids, and all material must measure up to Government specifications in order to be acceptable.

WALL PAPER TERMS

ALLOVER DESIGN. A pattern that covers the surface evenly without any particular feature standing our prominently. APPLIQUE. An outline usually in metallic bronze or flitter applied to a border after printing.

BINDERS. Narrow borders. BLOCK-PRINTED. The same as handblocked.

BORDERS. Bands of ornament in wall-paper ranging in depth from wide top-borders or figures to narrow decorations only a few inches in width. CAEN STONE. An imitation of the surface of a wall of rectangular blocks of Caen stone separated by narrow mortar joints.

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a great variety of fabric effects, such as burlap weaves, etc.

DOUBLE PROCESS PAPERS. Papers in the manufacture of which two runs of the machine are involved, the colors being allowed to dry between the first and second runs. Usually applied to fabric effect papers that have an over-print, produced by the second run of the machine. DUPLEX INGRAINS. Ingrain papers that have a back of plain paper. DUPLEX OATMEAL. An oatmeal paper that has a back of plain paper. EGGSHELL. A hard, slightly glossy suface finish on wall-paper resembling in appearance the surface of an eggshell. EMBOSSED BRONZES. Papers in which the portions of the design that are in gold or bronze are embossed or surrounded by embossing that conforms to the shape of the gold portions.

ENGRAVED PAPERS. Those printed from engraved cylinders in contradistinction to surface-printed papers.

FABRIC EFFECT. Any paper that imitates the texture of a woven material. FIBERS. Papers in which flecks of fibrous substance are incorporated during the manufacture of the stock.

FLATS. Wall-papers printed on white stock, grounded, do not contain gold, mica or any glittering substance.

FLITTER. A lustrous, metallic material in flakes.

FLOCKS. Papers that have the surface partly or entirely covered with wool-powder or silk-powder which is known as flock. In the manufacture of filcck papers, the surface of the paper is coated with an adhesive substance or size and the flock powder is dusted on and allowed to settle in the sizing to which it adheres. Frequently a pattern is formed by printing with sizing and allowing the flock powder to adhere to this size. There are plain flocks, raised flocks and pressed flocks. The latter are made by stamping a pattern on a plain flock paper with a dieblock, which embosses the design permanently. Flock papers are also known as velvet papers, because of their resem. blance to this fabric.

FLORALS. Papers that show a design of flowers of natural appearance, not conventionalized.

FRIEZE. A decorative treatment for the upper wall. May be pictorial, conventional or of naturalistic ornament.

Waterproof

Triproof Spar

for inside and outside work. Pale, easyworking, quick-drying. Proof against ammonia and alcohol. Never turns white. Test it-panel sent free upon request.

Hilo Varnish Corporation

Brooklyn, N. Y. Chicago, Ill. Pacific Coast Distributors-The Brininstool Co., Los Angeles, Cal.

GOLD THREAD. An overprint consisting of horizontal lines in a bronze to give the appearance of a metallic thread in the weave of a fabric effect wall-paper. GRASS-CLOTH EFFECTS. Papers that imitate the appearance of Japanese grasscloths, also those that imitate any similar grass weave.

HAND-BLOCKS. Printed from flat blocks by hand in contradistinction to machine printed.

HAND-BRUSHED. Stencilled by hand with a brush.

HAND PRINTS. Papers printed by hand in contradistinction to machine-printed papers. They are printed from flat blocks, pressed down on the paper while it lies on a work table. A separate block is used for each color and the paper is dried between printings.

COMBINATION. A set consisting of a sidewall paper, or hanging, with border and ceiling designed to be used together. ILLUMINATED LEATHERS. Papers that have the appearance of leather decorated by the application of metal leaf and ornamented with hand stamps and color glazing in imitation of old Spanish decorated leathers.

INDEPENDENT. A paper for covering the side-wall that does not have a border to match. Same as independent hanging. INGRAIN. A paper that is tinted in the pulp and is characterized by short wavy black lines formed by bits of hair or wool mixed in the pulp.

INK-EMBOSSING. A fabric weave effect produced by passing the wall-paper under an engraved roller which embosses it in imitation of the texture of cloth and at the same time carries color into the depressions of the embossing.

JASPES. Papers that show a textile effect of fine irregular, vertical lines; similar to jaspe fabrics. LANDSCAPE PAPERS. Papers the pattern of which shows a landscape. Usually the scene is formed of strips with a design of sufficient height to reach from the base to the cornice. Sometimes applied to papers in the pattern of which a small landscape vista appears at intervals. LEATHERS. Reproductions of leather, either plain or ornamental, in wall-paper. LIQUID GILTS. Papers upon which a portion of the pattern has been printed in bronze liquid, applied in the same manner as the colors.

MOIRE. Papers that have a pattern like moire, watered silk, characterized by wavy lines. Moire ceilings are usually printed in mica on a white ground. MOTIF. A distinct ornamental feature of a design, sometimes intended to be cut out and applied to ornament otherwise plain panels.

OIL TONES. Papers in oil color effects. OVERPRINT. Printing to produce a fabric or other effect over the colors of the design.

PANEL BORDERS.

Narrow bands of ornament to be used in dividing a wall surface into panels.

PRESSED PAPERS. Stamped with a hot, flat die-plate in contradistinction to embossed papers, which are made by embossing rollers.

PULP OATMEAL. A paper in which flecks of fiber resembling sawdust are mingled with the pulp in the process of making the stock. These fibers may be seen in the surface.

PULP-TINT. Ungrounded papers printed on stock that has been colored by mixing dye into the pulp during the making of the paper stock.

RAW STOCK. The paper used in printing wall-paper.

SEMI-PLAIN. A paper in a small, inconspicuous allover pattern.

SHADOW PRINT. A wall-paper in which the effect of a damask or cut velvet having a raised pattern is produced by printing a design that contains distinct shadows and high lights giving the effect of relief.

SOIRETTE. Commonly employed to desig

nate the same kind of paper as that usually known as Tekko, but more correctly applied to satin, silk or damask effects when produced by the use of mica,

STIPPLE.

Any paper that produces an effect similar to stippling with a brush in paint work.

STRAPS. Narrow borders. SURFACE-PRINTED PAPERS. Those that are printed from rollers that have a raised design on the surface, formed of brass outlines filled in with felt.

VISTA. A distance effect, particularly a small landscape framed in foliage or scrolls.

WARP PRINT. A paper the design of which has the appearance of a warp-print fabric. The peculiar appearance of a warpprint in fabric is due to the fact that the pattern is printed in colors on the warp before weaving. When the threads of the weft are woven in, this tones down the pattern and partly obscures it. In the weaving, the warp threads slip somewhat out of the position they occupy during the printing and this tends to give a degree of irregularity. It is this effect that is imitated in the warp-print wall-paper. WEAVE. See fabric effect.

WHITE BLANKS. Wall-papers made on white stock, grounded, no gold or bronze in the printing, but usually contain some mica, which appears in the parts of the design that would be printed in gold or bronze in a "gold."

TONE-AND-TONE.

A wall-paper, the pattern of which is all in tones of one color. Solid color.

TWO-TONE Papers. Strictly papers that show only two tones of one color printed from a single block or roller upon a ground of the same color as the color of the pattern, the design being in a tone either lighter or darker than the ground, but this term is commonly applied to any paper, the pattern of which is in various tones of one color. Patterns that contain many tones are commonly called two-tone papers if there is only one color. UNGROUNDED. Without the ground color, the pattern being printed directly on the raw material. VARNISH BRONZES. Papers in which the metallic portion of the design is produced by printing in a varnish. A bronze powder is dusted on and adheres to the wet varnish.

Gold bronze is made of copper, zinc and tin and will tarnish under exposure.

The blue and cloudy look on varnished surfaces is often caused by smoke from bituminous coal.

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