SIMON

conquered Beth-zur, Jaffa and Adida, which he colonized with Jewish settlers. After the treacherous seizure of Jonathan by Tryphon (143 B.C.E.) he became leader of the Jewish forces, laid siege to the Acra in Jerusalem, and successfully warded off Tryphon's attempt to relieve the fortress. In the following year he captured Gazara and thus blocked an attack from the direction of the sea. When Tryphon murdered Jonathan, Simon became ruler of Judea. He captured the Acra, thus ridding Judea of the last Syrian garrison, and gained the independence of the country by negotiations with Demetrius II. Thus for the first time in 400 years Judea was again free.

In order to commemorate this eventful change in the history of the Jewish people, documents and contracts from the year 142 B.C.E. and after were dated according to the reigning year of Simon, high priest and prince (ethnarch) of the Jews. These hereditary titles were solemnly conferred upon Simon at a large popular assembly, in the month of Elul, 141 B.C.E., and marked the foundation of the Hasmonean dynasty. Simon ruled peacefully and promoted the prosperity of the country. He was threatened only once, when Antiochus VII Sidetes of Syria demanded the restitution of all the territories conquered by the Hasmoneans, with the exception of Judea, and sent an army of invasion led by Cendebeus. However, this army was decisively defeated by Simon's two sons, Judah and Johanan, at Jamnia. In 135 B.C.E. Simon and these two sons were treacherously assassinated by his son-in-law Ptolemy, who hoped to usurp the throne, but instead was driven off by John Hyrcanus, Simon's third son, who thereupon succeeded to the rule.

Lit.: The standard Jewish histories for the period. SIMON OF TRENT, victim of an alleged ritual murder. The Franciscan monk Bernardinus da Feltre, who had taken offense at the cordial relations between Jews and Christians in Trent, Italy, had predicted that there would be a ritual murder at the next Passover holiday. Accordingly, when Simon, the threeyear-old child of Andreas Unverdorben of Trent, disappeared on March 23, 1475, it was immediately asserted that he had been found with the Jews. The officials began an investigation which was at first without results, but on the 26th of March some Jews found the body of a child in a stream near the house of one of them. The podestà then seized the body and arrested all the Jews who were present. Then a baptized Jew, named Israel, who had been condemned to a long period of imprisonment, found the occasion a very favorable one to obtain his freedom by denouncing the Jews as the authors of the crime; but in the long run he did not escape the wheel. He accused the Jews of Trent and of other places, including Regensburg, where action was later taken against them from 1476 to 1480, of making use of Christian blood for ritual purposes on Passover.

The action against the Jews in Trent began on March 28th. These, in turn, accused two Christians of having done the deed, and the latter were arrested but later set free. Now began a period of torment for the imprisoned Jews, who were subjected to all the customary forms of torture in order to make them reveal their secrets. Duke Sigismund brought about a cessation of the ordeals for a time; but eventually an eighty-year-old man was compelled to make a confession after undergoing horrible tortures. Thereupon the Jews were condemned (June, 1475), some to the scaffold, and some to be beheaded.

The affair made a great impression, so that even the pope took cognizance of it. The bishop of Ventimig

lia, whom the pope had named as his commissioner, made a report that Simon had been killed by Christians for the purpose of laying the crime to the Jews, and that the bishop of Trent, named Hinderbach, had enriched himself by confiscating the goods of those who had been executed. Thereupon the pope appointed a new investigating commission, but its head was a special friend of the chief enemy of the Jews, the Franciscan monk Bernardinus da Feltre. Thus it came about that eventually, through a papal bull (June 20, 1478), the process against the Jews of Trent was proclaimed as properly and rightly imposed (rite et recte factum), and that Bernardinus da Feltre and Simon of Trent were made saints by Pope Gregory XIII, and that the former received the reputation of prophet and the latter that of martyr. The church of St. Peter at Trent has a chapel of St. Simon of Trent. Lit.: The standard Jewish histories of the period; Hildesheimer, H., Simon von Trient (1903); the literature under BLOOD ACCUSATION.

SIMON, family of financiers, public officials and publishers which originated at Königsberg, Germany, in the 19th cent. In the 1860's the banking house of J. Simon Witwe und Söhne in Königsberg, East Prussia, flourished, and was respected in many commercial towns of eastern Germany and throughout Eastern Europe. It was headed by SAMUEL SIMON and his younger brother, MORITZ SIMON. Samuel Simon was also city councillor at Königsberg and a leader of the Liberal Party. He was interested in history and philosophy, and devoted much of his means to the fostering of philosophical inquiries. In 1866 Moritz Simon was appointed privy councillor of commerce. The Simon brothers created the Königsberger Privatbank, promoted railroads in East Prussia, and took a large part in the industrial development of Prussia.

FELIX SIMON, the son of Moritz Simon, became owner of the Königsberger Allgemeine Zeitung, a leading paper of the National Liberal Party and, after the beginning of the 20th cent., the most important newspaper of East Prussia. He married Therese Sonnemann, daughter of Leopold Sonnemann, founder and owner of the Frankfurter Zeitung. Felix Simon, who lived in Berlin, had considerable influence with the German government. He was on especially good terms with the prince of Aremberg, a Catholic leader, who was employed by Emperor William II and his chancellors as a secret intermediary in frequent negotiations on both internal and foreign policy. Due to his relations with several members of the aristocracy, his position as owner of an important newspaper and as the son-in-law of the owner of the Frankfurter Zeitung, Simon was well informed on internal governmental affairs and was often consulted by government leaders. His wife, who survived him by many years, directed the Frankfurter Zeitung and Königsberger Allgemeine Zeitung with considerable ability and energy.

HEINRICH SIMON (b. Berlin, 1880; d. Washington, D. C., 1941), the eldest son of Felix Simon, studied philosophy at the University of Freiburg, from which he graduated in 1905. In 1906 he joined the staff of the Frankfurter Zeitung, and was active, successively, in all departments of that newspaper. From 1914 on he presided over the editorial staff conferences, and from 1929 on he was one of the owners. His Arbeit am Tage (1926 and 1931) represented a selection of articles previously published in that newspaper. Heinrich Simon always espoused democratic principles, but was more faithfully devoted to art, literature and philosophy, and especially to music. He devoted spe

cial attention to the comparatively new book-publishing Frankfurter Societätsdruckerei, and was on the supervisory board of the Heidelberg festivals. He wrote Fragmente des Novalis (1905) and Der magische Idealismus (1906), studies on Novalis' (Friedrich Leopold, Freiherr von Hardenberg) philosophy, and translated into German Vittorio Alfieri's Saul (1927). He was co-founder of the Palestine Symphony Orchestra (1936), and its first manager. After his persecution by the Nazis and the expropriation of his possessions, he emigrated to the United States (1939), settling in Washington, D. C. In the spring of 1941 he became the victim of an assassination in that city which was still unsolved in 1943.

CURT SIMON (b. Börnicke, Germany, 1881), the youngest son of Felix Simon and the brother of Heinrich Simon, studied law at the University of Heidelberg, from which he graduated in 1907. He then became associated with the Frankfurter Zeitung, being appointed chief clerk (1914) and general manager (1929). He managed the technical and commercial affairs of the newspaper, while his brother was charged with political and editorial matters. He directed also the Königsberger Allgemeine Zeitung until the Nazis robbed him of both papers. Before 1933 he was a member of the board of directors of the Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft, an organization uniting employers and employees. In 1933 he emigrated to the United States. HUGO BIEBER. Lit.: Die Geschichte der Frankfurter Zeitung 18561911 (1911); Aufbau, May 9, 1941.

SIMON, ABRAM, rabbi, b. Nashville, Tenn., 1872; d. Washington, D. C., 1938. A graduate of the University of Cincinnati (B.A., 1894), he was ordained by the Hebrew Union College in 1894, and received the Ph.D. degree from George Washington University (1917) and the degree of Doctor of Hebrew Literature from the Hebrew Union College, the latter degree on occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the institution (1925). After serving Congregation B'nai Israel, of Sacramento, Cal., and Temple Israel, Omaha, Neb., he was, from 1904 until his death, rabbi of the Washington Hebrew Congregation, Washington, D. C. During the first World War he served as a Red Cross investigator near Verdun, France. Simon was president of the Washington Board of Education (1920-23) and of the Central Conference of American Rabbis (1923-25), and was a founder of the Synagogue Council of America (1928).

He was one of the organizers of the Washington Chapter

Carrie Obendorfer Simon

Abram Simon

SIMON, FRANKLIN

of the National Conference of Christians and Jews. In 1929 he was appointed one of the non-Zionist members of the council of the Jewish Agency. Active in Jewish educational work, he was the author of History of Jewish Education (with William Rosenau; 1912).

Lit.: American Hebrew, Jan. 25, 1929, p. 407; Central Conference of American Rabbis Year Book, vol. 49 (1939) 303-8.

SIMON, CARRIE OBENDORFER (Mrs. Abram Simon), communal worker, b. Uniontown, Ala., 1872. She founded the National Federation of Temple Sisterhoods in 1913 and served as president for the six years following. In 1943 she was honorary president. During her incumbency as president, the Federation initiated a number of successful and important projects. These included: the issuing of the Annual Jewish Art Calendar; the establishment of scholarships and education funds at the Hebrew Union College of Cincinnati; a movement for the collection of religious ceremonial art objects, which developed into the establishment at the same college of its Museum. Later, as chairman of the Federation's committee on the Hebrew Union College dormitory, Mrs. Simon contributed importantly to the campaign which raised the funds to erect the dormitory on the College grounds (dedicated 1925). As chairman of the Conference Committee of National Jewish Women's Organizations, Mrs. Simon appeared in numerous pulpits throughout the country to speak in behalf of Jewish women.

SIMON, FRANKLIN, merchant, b. New York city, 1865; d. New York city, 1934. He entered the merchandising field in his boyhood, and subsequently rose to the position of buyer for Stern Brothers. In 1900 he founded the Franklin Simon store; several years later he broke from tradition and built a new store on Fifth Avenue, until then untouched territory for merchandising. The store became one of the leading apparel centers in New York city. Simon was active in various philanthropies, particularly in hos

SIMON, JAMES

pital work. He was from 1913 until his death on the board of directors of the Hospital for Joint Diseases.

SIMON, FRANZ EUGEN, physicist, b. Berlin, 1893. He was assistant professor of physics at the University of Berlin (1927-31) and in 1931 he was made full professor and director of the laboratory of physical chemistry at the University of Breslau. He resigned in 1933, upon the Nazis' advent to power, and went to England where he received a research post at the Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford. In 1941 he became a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1943 Simon was a reader in thermodynamics at the University of Oxford. Simon, who taught at the University of California, in Berkeley, as a visiting lecturer (1932), published numerous scientific papers and articles, chiefly on the physics of very low temperatures.

SIMON, HEINRICH, jurist and statesman, b. Breslau, Germany, 1805; he was drowned in the lake of Wallenstedt, Switzerland, 1860. Simon studied law at the Universities of Breslau and Berlin. As a young barrister attending the courts and qualifying for the post of an assisting judge, he had to fight a duel, and unfortunately killed his adversary. Simon was therefore sentenced to life confinement in a fortress, but was granted an amnesty in 1830. From 1834 to 1841 he was assisting judge at the highest court of appeals at Berlin. In 1841 the Prussian minister, Eichhorn, entrusted Simon with the elaboration of suggestions for the reform of the schools of Prussia. But Simon's report did not meet with the minister's approval, because it was considered too radical.

Meanwhile Simon had published Das preussische Staatsrecht (1844) and, jointly with Professor Rönne, Die Verfassung und Verwaltung des preussischen Staates (184054). Both these works were highly esteemed by contemporary critics. In 1844 Simon was promoted to the position of judge, but retired from office in the following year because he severely criticized the disciplinary laws of Minister von Mühler who, according to Simon, had tried to abolish the independence of the judges of Prussia. Simon gave reasons for his point of view in the pamphlets Die preussischen Richter und die Gesetze vom 29. März 1844 and Mein Austritt aus dem preussischen Staatsdienst (1846).

In consequence of these publications, Simon was hailed by German liberals and democrats, for he proclaimed the principle that every official had to consider his allegiance to the country as higher than allegiance to the monarch.

When, in 1847, King Frederick William IV summoned the provincial diets instead of establishing a modern parliament, Simon characterized the king's action as disloyal in his pamphlet Annehmen oder Ablehnen, which caused an immense sensation in all the states of Germany. He was therefore prosecuted for lèse-majesté. After the outbreak of the revolution of 1848 Simon became one of the principal leaders of the Prussian democratic party. He was a member of the deputation received by King Frederick William IV to negotiate for the constitution. At the same time he fought for the liberation of Poland and Italy. As a member of the National Assembly at Frankfort he represented the extreme left. He was one of the five regents of Germany the leftists tried to install when Frederick William declined to be elected emperor.

After defeat of the revolution Simon left Germany for Switzerland. He was sentenced in contumaciam to penal servitude for life, but was highly respected in Switzerland, where he became interested in mining industry. In 1859 he received an honorary degree from the University of Zurich. Simon was a vigorous personality, fair-minded, courageous and energetic. He would have been capable of

governing if only his party had been strong enough to support him. Even many of his adversaries could not but like him. His cousin, Fanny Lewald, was not the only woman who loved him. Since he preferred another woman writer, Countess Ida Hahn-Hahn, Fanny Lewald took her revenge by means of her satirical novel Diogena. HUGO BIEBER.

SIMON, HENRY W., educator and writer, b. New York city, 1901. He received the Ph.D. degree from Columbia University in 1932, and in the same year was appointed professor of education at the Teachers' College of Columbia University. In 1940 he became music editor of the New York daily PM. His writings include Reading of Shakespeare in American Schools and Colleges (1932) and Preface to Teaching (1938). His brother, RICHARD LEO SIMON (b. New York city, 1899), was co-founder (1924) of the publishing house of Simon and Schuster, which became known as one of the smartest publishing houses in the country. He was also the author of a book on amateur photography (1937). Another member of the family, ROBERT A. SIMON (b. Germany, 1897), a cousin, was music critic of the New Yorker. He was also translator of Arthur Schnitzler's Fräulein Else into English (1925), and the author of The New York Wits (1927) and of Bronx Ballads (1927).

SIMON, HERMANN VEIT, attorney, b. Berlin, 1856; d. Berlin, 1914. He was a descendant of the famous Veit family, and a great-grand nephew of Moritz Veit. Simon was a prominent attorney and jurist of Berlin, and a bank president for a short time. Besides his principal work Die Bilanzen der Aktiengesellschaften und Kommanditgesellschaften auf Aktien (4 vols. 1910), he wrote several other books and essays dealing with commercial law. He published the writings of his teacher, Levin Goldschmidt. Although a liberal and an opponent of Jewish nationalism, he was prominent in the councils of the Jewish community of Berlin and distinguished himself as chairman of the board of the Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums, of which his father, privy councillor Carl Berthold Simon, was a co-founder. He was a leader of the Hilfsverein für jüdische Studenten.

Lit.: Hermann Veit Simon (private edition; 1915). SIMON, HUGO, financier and public official, b. Usch, Prussian Poland, 1880. In 1911 Simon became partner of the banking firm of Bett, Simon and Co. at Berlin. He financed many industrial enterprises and, cultivating an interest in artistic endeavor, he sponsored several writers and painters. Following the outbreak of the first World War (1914-18), Simon opposed the German government and joined the independent Socialist Party which refused war credits.

In November, 1918, upon the advent of the revolution. the Independent Socialist Party and the old Socialist Party, which had supported the policy of the German government during the War, formed a new government and appointed Simon Prussian minister of finance. But, due to a rupture between the two political parties, Simon resigned early in 1919. After the Nazis came to power (1933), Simon emigrated to Paris and there established a banking business. In 1941 he left France for Brazil.

SIMON, JAMES, communal leader and philanthropist, b. Berlin, 1851; d. Berlin, 1932. As the head of the great cotton and linen firm of Simon Brothers, of Berlin, he played an important part in German economic life; he was also for years vice-president of the Berlin Chamber of Commerce as well as member of the board of directors of the German Reichsbank. He contributed large sums to public charity and public undertakings; he was one of the founders of the

Joseph Simon

Deutsche Orient Gesellschaft (1898) and its secretary from 1904 on, and financed to a great extent the excavations in Mesopotamia (Babylon, 1898-1912; Assur, 1902-14), those in Palestine (Jericho, the synagogues in Galilee), and in Egypt (Abusir near Cairo, AbusirEl-Meneq and El-Amarna, 1908-14) and Asia Minor (Boghazköi). In 1901 he founded the Hilfsverein der Deutschen Juden together with Eugen Landau and Paul Nathan, and made it his life work.

During the first World War Simon traveled in the war areas in Russian Poland in order to supervise the work undertaken by the Hilfsverein. He was also one of the founders of the technical college in Haifa and belonged to the council of the Jewish Colonization Association in Paris until 1929. A great many other social institutions were founded or supported by him. He was one of the best known patrons of art and an art connoisseur. He enriched the Kaiser Friedrich Museum in Berlin by his valuable collections. For these gifts Simon was honored with the Wilhelmsorden. In 1907 the Academy of Sciences in Berlin bestowed the golden Leibnitz Medal upon him.

SIMON, SIR JOHN, English barrister and Member of Parliament, b. Montego Bay, Jamaica, 1818; d. London, 1897. He was sent to England in 1833 and was called to the bar in 1842, the first Jew to practise at the common law bar.

From 1843 to 1845 Simon lived in Jamaica, then returned to England. His legal practice won him quick recognition, especially in the northern circuit. He was made a sergeant at law in 1864 and Queen's Counsel in 1868. In 1858 Simon, by acting as assistant to the county court judges, had become the first Jew to serve as a judge in England, and he sat on the bench frequently thereafter.

First elected to Parliament in 1868, from Dewsbury in West Riding, Simon was a member for twenty years, until ill health forced his retirement. Throughout his career, Simon participated in governmental treatment of his native island of Jamaica. Emancipation of the Jews in England and the amelioration of their treatment in Eastern European countries had his persistent championship. The Russian persecutions of the 1880's elicited a series of protest meetings from the general citizenry of Great Britain, including the famous Mansion House and Guildhall meetings, and Simon contributed largely to bringing them about.

From the death of Sir Francis Goldsmid in 1878 until his own death, Simon was the leading British protagonist of Jewish rights in England and elsewhere. He was one of the founders (1871) of the Anglo-Jewish Association and an early associate of the Reform Synagogue. Simon, was knighted in 1886.

SIMON, LEON

OSWALD JOHN SIMON (b. 1855; d. 1932) was the son of Sir John Simon and, like him, a communal Jewish leader. His first affiliation with Jewish affairs came during the revival of the persecutions in Russia in 1890 when he deputized for his father, who was then too old to be active, in the summoning of protests. Later he was active in various Jewish philanthropic and educational undertakings, and was a member of the Board of Deputies. He was author of The World and the Cloister and Faith and Experience.

SIMON, JOSEPH, American Senator, b. Bechtheim, Germany, 1851; d. Portland, Ore., 1935. His family came to the United States in 1857, settling in Portland, Ore., and he was admitted to the bar in 1872. He was a member of the city council from 1877 to 1880, secretary of the Republican State central committee in 1878, and its chairman in 1880, 1884, and 1886. Simon was a member of the Oregon state senate from 1880 to 1898, serving as president during five sessions. He served as a member of the Republican National Committee from 1892 to 1896. He was elected to the United States Senate in 1898, to fill a vacancy, and served until 1903. In 1909 he was elected mayor of Portland, serving until 1911.

Lit.: Biographical Dictionary of the American Congress (1928) 1526.

SIMON, JULIUS, economist, Zionist leader, and authority on business in Palestine, b. Mannheim, Germany, 1875. He was active in the work of the Zionist Organization, Jewish National Fund and Jewish Colonial Trust before the first World War. In 1913 he was a member of a Zionist mission which investigated colonization in Palestine. During the first World War Simon resided in Holland, but in 1920 removed to England, where, from 1920 to 1921, he was a member of the Executive of the Zionist Organization. In 1920, as a member of a special committee of three whose other members were Nehemia de Lieme and Robert Szold, he visited Palestine, and prepared a report recommending reorganization of the work of the Zionist Organization in the Holy Land.

Simon settled in New York city in 1922, serving from 1922 to 1926 as a director of the Palestine Cooperative Company. He was a founder of the Palestine Economic Corporation (1926), its vice-president (1928-29) and its president (from 1930); in 1934 he was placed in charge of its operations in Palestine, and still held this post in 1943. He was a member of the boards of directors of the Palestine Economic Corporation, Central Bank of Cooperative Institutions in Palestine, Ltd., Palestine Mortgage and Credit Bank, Ltd., Palestine Potash, Ltd., Palestine Hotels, Ltd., and of several land and water corporations in the Holy Land. From 1939 on he was a member and treasurer of the Hadassah Emergency Committee.

His father, Naphtali H. Simon, served in the FiftyFirst Infantry Regiment of Georgia in the Civil War.

SIMON, LEON, official and Zionist worker, b. Southampton, England, 1881. He studied at Oxford University, and entered the service of the General Post Office in 1904. He was appointed director of telegraphs and telephones (1931), and director of savings (1935). Simon was a member of the Zionist Commission to Palestine (1918).

He was the translator of Ahad Haam's Essays into English (1912 and 1922). He also translated several of Plato's Dialogues into Hebrew, and was editor of Aspects of the Hebrew Genius (1910) and joint editor of Awakening Palestine (1923). His writings include Studies in Hebrew Nationalism (1920).

SIMONS, DAVID

SIMON, LUCIEN, painter, b. Paris, 1861. He was the son of a physician, and brother of the scientist Eugène Simon (1848-1924), who was an authority on the arachnids. Prince Karageorgievich, afterward King Peter I of Serbia, one of Simon's fellow pupils at the Bossuet College of Paris, related that even in school Simon was passionately fond of designing, but as a conscientious collegian refrained from drawing except on Sundays.

After his father's premature death Simon studied painting in the studio of Jules Didier, and later on became a pupil of Tony Robert-Fleury, chief of the Breton school. In 1885 Simon began to exhibit in the "Salon" of Paris. His picture, The Man Who Pursues Fortuna, was a success. For twelve years, however (1885 to 1897), Simon continued to experiment. In 1893 he left the "Salon" and joined the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts, and subsequently developed an artistic originality.

A first-class draftsman, Simon was also one of the most vivid colorists. His vigorous application of colors was in constant accord with the solid construction of his figures. Although he broke with all tradition, there remained a spontaneous classical vein in his dynamic style. It was the picture Circus (1898) that first showed Simon's originality. A Group of Painters (1899); The Procession at Penmarc's (1901) and Old Household (1901) won him world renown. In 1905 he was awarded the first class medal by the Carnegie Institute for his canvas Evening in a Studio.

From 1913 on, when the Buffalo Fine Arts Academy organized an exhibition of Simon's works, he became popular in America. His pictures were acquired by the art galleries of Paris, Lyon, Boston, Brooklyn, Chicago, Detroit, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Budapest, Cairo, Helsingfors, Moscow and Stockholm. He exhibited regularly also at the International Society, London, presided over by Whistler and, after his death, by Rodin. In 1927 Simon was elected member of the Académie des Beaux-Arts of Paris, and thereafter he aided and encouraged younger artists. From 1933 on he was "peintre de la marine." Simon created historical and symbolical as well as naturalistic works. Many of his most popular subjects flowed from his keen observation of the life of the peasants in Brittany, but he made fascinating pictures also of Paris and its suburbs. He succeeded in depicting poor people and fashionable society, Catholic priests in the church, actors and scenes of public amusement.

Inspired by the first World War, Simon created great symbolical paintings-Finis Belli (1918); Colored Soldiers in Marseille (1919); The Sacrifice (1920) — showing a peculiar union of naturalistic and visionary elements and a very original composition caused by a completely new disposal of space. A distinguished portraitist, he painted his mother, children, brother and wife, the painter Jeanne Simon (née Dauchez), and many artists, public figures and aristocratic personages, all of whom he limned with psychological penetration.

HUGO BIEBER.

Lit.: Valmy-Baysse, J., Lucien Simon, sa vie, son oeuvre (1910); Bulletin de l'Académie des Beaux-Arts (1927).

SIMON, MORRIS, state legislator, b. Podu-Iloie, Roumania, 1892. He was brought to the United States at the age of three. Living in Dover, Del., Simon was a merchant and also a participant in the political life of the community. He was for two terms (1932-36) a member of the Delaware House of Representatives, and during his second term was majority floor leader. Simon was president of the Jewish Association of Lower Delaware.

SIMON, SIEGFRIED VEIT, botanist, b. Berlin, 1877; d. Bonn, Germany, 1934. He began his career in 1909 as a lecturer at the University of Göttingen. After the first World War he became associate professor

Charles C. Simons

(1922) at the botanic institute of the University of Bonn. His main sphere of interest was plant physiology.

Simon's better known works include: Regeneration der Wurzelspitze (1904); Differenzierungsvorgänge im Cellusgewebe von Holzgewächsen (1908); Der autotropische Ausgleich geotropischer und mechanischer Krümmungen der Wurzeln (1912); Reissbau auf Java (1912); Keimungsphy siologie der Winterknospen von Hydrocharis (1928); Genetik der Nachkommen einer vergrünten Mutante von Torenia Flournieri (1930).

SIMONS, CHARLES C., judge, b. Detroit, 1876. He was the son of David W. Simons, member (191820) of Detroit's first Nine-Man Council. He was educated in the public schools of Detroit, and graduated from the University of Michigan (B.L., 1898; LL.B., 1900). In 1938 Wayne University awarded him the honorary LL.D. degree. In 1903 Simons was elected a state senator of Michigan. He served as circuit court commissioner of Wayne County (1905-6), was a member of the Michigan State Constitutional Convention (1908), a Republican presidential elector-at-large (1916), and director of the Detroit Board of Commerce (1918).

In 1923 President Warren G. Harding appointed Simons United States district judge, and in 1932 he was elevated to the United States Circuit Court of Appeals by President Herbert Hoover. He was the first Michigan Jew to hold these two positions, and one of the three Jews to hold office as United States circuit court judge in the United States. In 1943 Simons still occupied the latter position, having gained national recognition for his important decisions. In 1903, as a member of the Michigan state senate, Simons gained national fame for introducing and bringing about the passage of the first state direct primary law, revolutionary legislation for that time.

SIMONS, DAVID, jurist, b. The Hague, Holland, 1860; d. Utrecht, Holland, 1930. In 1884 Simons settled in Amsterdam as a lawyer, and became the foremost criminal counsel in Holland. From 1897 until his death he was professor of penal law at the