SCHOTT were Moritz Steinschneider; the last volumes, however, written exclusively by Schorr. The Hehalutz caused the appearance of several polemical writings, such as Haholetz by Moses Harmelin (Lemberg, 1861) and Biur Tit Hayavan (Pressburg, 1880), which turned against Schorr's criticism of the Talmud. Like all Maskilim (enlighteners), he campaigned against the Heders, Hasidism and Jewish clericalism, occasionally using biting satire instead of his usual scholarly method. Schorr was a friend of Isaac Erter, Heinrich Graetz, Nachman Krochmal and Leopold Zunz. Samuel David Luzzatto dedicated his Bethulath Bath Yehudah to the occasion of Schorr's wedding. Despite his great wealth Schorr denied himself even the most essential comforts, and refused to support his needy relatives. He bequeathed his fortune and his large library to the Israelitisch-Theologische Lehranstalt in Vienna. Lit.: Luah Ahiasaf (5657); Pardes, vol. 3; Friedberg, Toledoth Mishpahath Schorr. SCHORR, MOSES, Polish senator, Assyriologist and historian, b. Przemysl, Poland, 1874; d. Siberia (exact place unknown), 1942 (two years after his escape from Poland, which the Nazis invaded in September, 1939). He received his early education in the Gymnasium of Przemysl, and later studied at the Universities of Vienna and Berlin, also in the rabbinical seminary of Professor Schwartz at Vienna. Schorr became famous as a Polish Jewish historian, Assyriologist and rabbinical teacher, in addition to his communal work in various fields among the Jews of Poland. His doctor's dissertation on the organization of the Jews in Poland from the ancient times until 1772 (published in Kwartalnik Historyczny, Lemberg [Lwów], 1899) emphasized his profound knowledge of Jewish history. However, his monumental work was The Jews in Przemysl up to the End of the 18th Century (Polish; 2 vols.), which received the Wawelberg Prize from the philosophical faculty of the University of Lemberg. His article on the history of Don Joseph Nasi (Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums, 1897, 169-77, 228-37) and his last work, dealing with the rights received by the Jews of Cracow from the Polish King Stanislaus Augustus in 1765, were equally valuable studies. As a historian of Polish Jewry Schorr possessed characteristics of Heinrich Graetz and Simon Dubnow, whose follower he was. His main work on the history of the Sumerian language, and especially the language, culture and laws of the Babylonians and Assyrians, was Altbabylonische Rechtsurkunden aus der Zeit der ersten babylonischen Dynastie (3 vols., 1910-17), published by the Vienna Academy. He wrote many articles on the same subject which were published both in periodicals and books. From 1899 on Schorr was instructor in the Jewish teachers' seminary in Lemberg. In 1910 he became assistant professor and in 1915 professor at the University of Lemberg. Ten years later he was ap pointed professor of Sumerian language and ancient oriental culture at the University of Warsaw. His communal activities were begun in Lemberg, Galicia, whither he returned from Vienna in 1917, after an absence of two years. The first World War had destroyed Jewish life in Lemberg and elsewhere in Galicia, and Schorr therefore first organized a central relief committee for the Jews there. He then devoted all his free time to building up Jewish life in Galicia, and continued this work with still greater energy when he came to Warsaw in 1923 as preacher in the Tlomacka Synagogue and as rabbi in the place of the scholar Samuel Poznanski. In Warsaw Schorr focused all his attention on the organizing of an institute for Judaistic learning, and when this institute was opened (February, 1928), he became professor and taught Bible and Hebrew philology; for several years he was its president. He fostered Jewish education, representing the Jewish community in Warsaw in the government school councils with the official sanction of the ministry for religion and public education. The ministry appointed him a member of the highest department on pedagogy and of the gov ernment council for public education. In 1936 he was elected a member of the Polish senate, serving for two years. He was chairman of the B'nai B'rith in Poland, of the Organization of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, of the Palestine Foundation Fund, of the Committee to Help Jews in Distress, and president of the Relief Committee to Help Polish Jews Who Suffered from German Persecution. Z. TYGEL. SCHOTT, LEOPOLD, rabbi, b. Randegg, Baden, Germany, 1807; d. Bühl, Baden, 1869. He was educated in Talmudic schools in Hechingen and Karlsruhe, and studied at the University of Heidelberg. After his graduation he became teacher in his native town; later he was rabbi of this community, then rabbi at Gailingen and Bühl. Although Schott was always a rabbi of small communities, his influence on the Jews of Baden was great. In 1848 he was elected one of the three rabbis who directed and supervised, together with the Oberrat (supreme council), the entire religious life of the Jews of Baden. Schott was a reformer, but rejected radicalism. He participated in the first conference of German rabbis at Brunswick (1844), and was a member also of the second conference at Frankfort (1845), but he severed his relations with the radical majority because it voted down a resolution advocating the retention of prayers in Hebrew. In 1852 Schott issued his decision on the introduction of the organ into Jewish worship. This report was widely appreciated in Germany. Schott defended the use of the organ in synagogues, but he did not intend to disturb conservative communities. In 1861 he effected the introduction of Friedmann's prayer-book into the synagogues of Baden, where it remained in use until the days of Nazi persecution. SCHOTZ, BENNO, sculptor, b. Arensburg, island of Oesel, Estonia, 1891. The son of a watchmaker, he tried his hand at modeling as a child, but was intended for a technical career. He was educated at the Gymnasium of Parnu, Estonia, and later at the technical college of Darmstadt, Germany. At twenty he went to Scotland and studied engineering at the Glasgow Royal Technical College, but finally turned to sculpture and attended the evening classes at the Royal Glasgow Institute of Fine Arts; for the most part, however, he was self-taught. His first work was a bust of Tolstoi (1917), and by 1921 he had on view eight works in stone, bronze and plaster which denoted a definite personality. He first exhibited several of his works at the Royal Scottish Academy at Edinburgh and at the newly founded Glasgow Society of Painters and Sculptors, then had his first oneman show in Glasgow (1926), followed by another Glasgow exhibition three years later. In 1930 he had his first one-man show in London at the Lefevre Galleries. Schotz was the first Jew to be elected a member of the Royal Scottish Academy (1937). Hugh Walpole, in his foreword to the catalogue of the first Schotz exhibition in London, emphatically declared: "Benno Schotz' work is authentic. That is no light thing to say in these days when it is so easy to pick up the externals of an art and to pretend that it is the real thing." The majority of the exhibits were bronzes (cast modelings of clay), but he proved to be also an efficient woodcarver. Schotz was especially successful in portraiture, how to project character and personality. The critics praised his genuine vigor and his convincing interpretation of character, which revealed itself best in his naturalistic, anti-academic portraiture. To this category belonged his Theodor Herzl, a stone bust of monumental proportions, as well as the bust of the noted Scotch painter and etcher, James McBey. Of special Jewish interest were Jessica, a bronze head, and The Exile. In such studies, in line and plane as Le Finale and Nocturne he followed the cubistic ideas set up by Archipenko. Besides these works, he did a number of carvings on buildings in Glasgow. Schotz is represented in the public galleries of Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aberdeen and other Scotch cities. Writing on Scotch sculptors in the London Studio (1936), the art critic H. Harvey Wood referred to him as "the ablest sculptor in Scotland." Lit.: Parkes, Kineton, Sculpture of Today (1921); The Studio, vol. 87 (1924) 44; Wood, H. Harvey, "Scotch Sculptors," London Studio, July, 1936. SCHOUR, ISAAC, university professor and research worker, b. Efingar, Russia, 1900. He was brought to the United States in 1913. Schour studied at the University of Illinois (D.D.S., 1924; M.S., 1928) and at the University of Chicago (Ph.D., 1931). After serving as associate professor (1931-35), he was made full professor of histology at the University of Illinois, College of Dentistry, in 1935. Two years later he became head of the department. Schour was a delegate to the International Dental Congress held at Vienna in 1936, and president of the International Association of Dental Research (1941-32). He was co-author of Text-book of Dental Histology and Embryology by Noyes, Schour, and Noyes (1938). SCHRAMECK, ABRAHAM, French statesman, b. Saint-Étienne, France, 1867. He was descended from a family of Alsatian Jews. His grandfather, Gabriel Schrameck (b. Isenheim, Alsace, 1795; d. Strasbourg, 1853), was a soldier in Napoleon's army in 1812, and was captured by the Russians. His memoirs were published in 1907, and reprinted in Die Feldzüge Napoleons, nach Aufzeichnungen jüdischer Teilnehmer und Augenzeugen (edited by Max Grunwald, 1913). SCHREIBER After the annexation of Alsace by Germany (1871), the Schrameck family emigrated to France. Schrameck became a public officer, and succeeded because of his ability and energy. When the republican government of France decided to demand revision of the Dreyfus trial, it was necessary to appoint a new chief of police of Paris who would be ready to suppress anti-Semitic and royalist demonstrations. The famous Lépine was charged with the task of maintaining order in Paris, and Schrameck became his chef de cabinet. The government, satisfied with Schrameck's activity, appointed him secretary general of the prefecture of the department of Bouches du Rhône, whose capital, Marseille, was often troubled by disturbances and criminal gangs. Schrameck came fully up to the mark also in Marseille, and in 1900 was nominated prefect of the department of Tarn et Garonne. He was at this time, and for many years, the only professing Jew to govern a department of France. Some years later he became prefect of the department of Bouches du Rhône, which was especially difficult to administer. Soon upon the outbreak of the first World War Schrameck became governor general of Madagascar, where he had the task of suppressing German trade and secret German plots, and of mobilizing the resources of the island to supply the Allies. Schrameck proved equal to this task and introduced important economic and administrative reforms which satisfied the natives and attached them to France. In 1920 he returned to France, and was elected and reelected senator, representing the department of Bouches du Rhône until the outbreak of the second World War. He was vice-president of the Left Democratic group, special reporter to the budget of the ministry of the interior, a member of the finance and air committee, and a member of the high council of colonics. In 1925 he was minister of the interior in two successive cabinets presided over by Painlevé. Schrameck, an ardent French patriot and republican reformer, was always interested in the defense of Judaism. His house at Paris was the home of the chief rabbi of the French Consistory. HUGO BIEBER. SCHRECKER, PAUL, philosopher, b. Vienna, 1889. He studied in Vienna (LL.D., 1913) and Berlin (Ph.D., 1927), became a member of the Prussian Academy of Science (1929) and co-editor of the national edition of the works of Leibnitz and of the Deutsche Literaturzeitung, organ of the association of German academies, but in 1933 was ousted by the Nazis from his posts. He then went to Paris, where he participated in the first complete edition of the works of Father Malebranche, the "Christian and French Plato," and was the first Jew to deliver the Master Mind Lecture at the British Academy (1937). Schrecker came to the United States in 1940, and became a member of the Graduate Faculty for Social Science, New York city (1941), and of the École Libre des Hautes Études (1942). He was a Rockefeller Fellow from 1935 to 1940. In 1936 he received the philosophy prize of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques, Paris (1936). His works include: Henri Bergsons Philosophie der Persönlichkeit (1912); Lettres et fragments inédits de Leibniz (1934); Leibniz, ses idées sur l'organisation des relations internationales (1937); Malebranche, oeuvres complètes, vol. I (1938); Leibniz, opuscula philosophica selecta (1939). SCHREIBER (rabbinical family), see SOFER. SCHREIBER, ABRAHAM SAMUEL BENJAMIN (known as Kethab Sofer, after the title of his work), b. Pressburg (Pozsony), Hungary, 1815; d. Pressburg, 1871. At the age of fourteen he wrote Hiddushe Yorah, and at the age of seventeen he engaged SCHROFF in extensive correspondence, on religious legal questions, with many scholars. He was successor to his famous father, Moses (Hatham) Sofer, in the rabbinate and as director of the Yeshiva of Pressburg, which under him at times had 400 students. In 1859 the Austrian government recognized it as an Orthodox rabbinical seminary which graduated many famous rabbis and scholars. Continuing in his father's traditions, Schreiber strictly opposed all religious reform, and in the national Jewish congress of 1868 to 1869 he was a leading champion of complete separation from the group of reformers. His responsa were published in four volumes, Teshuboth Kethab Sofer (1873-94), and under the title of Sefer Kethab Sofer (2nd ed., 1879) he wrote a homiletical work on the Pentateuch. Lit.: Schreiber, S., Hut Hameshullash (1887); Wininger, S., Grosse Jüdische National-Biographie (1925-34). SCHREIBER, BENJAMIN F., state supreme court justice, b. New York city, 1885. He received the degree of LL.B. from Brooklyn Law School and was admitted to the Bar in 1906. In 1911 he became associated with James A. Foley, who was then a member of the State Legislature. This association continued until January 1, 1920, when Senator Foley became surrogate of New York County. In 1920 he and William T. Collins organized the firm of Schreiber & Collins, which subsequently became Schreiber, Collins & Buchter. On January 1, 1929, Collins, having been appointed a justice of the Supreme Court, retired from the firm, and the firm name was then changed to Schreiber, Myers & Buchter. Schreiber was a first assistant district attorney under Joab H. Banton, during which time he conducted the investigation of bucket shops and presented evidence to the Grand Juries, resulting in the indictment of many owners of bucket shops. He resigned at the end of one year, when his work was completed, and was appointed a deputy attorney-general in the year 1923 to conduct investigations under the Martin act involving the issuance and sale of fraudulent securities. On March 26, 1940, he was appointed justice of the Supreme Court of the State of New York and in the elections in November, 1940, he was elected for a fourteen-year term. Schreiber was active as a Democratic leader for more than thirty years, and president of the National Democratic Club during the years 1938 through 1939 and subsequently one of its governors. From 1933 on he was president, and subsequently honorary president of the Young Men's and Women's Hebrew Association of Washington Heights, New York city. He was also a director of the New York Guild for the Jewish Blind. SCHREIBER, CORNELL, lawyer and mayor, b. Dayton, Ohio, 1881. He attended Central High School and Medical College at Toledo, Ohio, but abandoned the study of medicine for that of law. He was admitted to the bar in 1902. In 1908 Schreiber was elected a member of the house of representatives sitting at Columbus, Ohio. An adherent of the Independent movement, he was elected city solicitor on a non-partisan ticket, in the administration of Brand Whitlock, in 1909. Reelected for a second term, he served in that office until the end of 1913. During his solicitorship the Schreiber ordinance, providing for three-cent fares on the privately owned traction system of Toledo, was passed and went into effect in spite of passive resistance on the part of the traction company. In 1917 Schreiber was elected mayor of Toledo, and, reelected in the next municipal election, remained in office throughout 1921. Upon his retirement he resumed the practice of law, and was still active in 1943. Schreiber was interested in the work of the Toledo Public Library and served as secretary of its board of trustees from 1901 to 1914. He received the honorary degree of doctor of laws from Toledo University. SCHREIBER, MOSES (HATHAM SOFER), see SOFER, MOSES. SCHREINER, MARTIN, scholar, b. Nagyvárad (Grosswardein), Hungary, 1863; d. Berlin, 1926. He was ordained in the rabbinical seminary of Budapest in 1887, and after several years of ministering and teaching at the Jewish Teachers Training School at Budapest he was called to the chair of history and philosophy of Judaism in the Lehranstalt für die Wissenschaft des Judentums, Berlin. Schreiner made remarkable contributions to the history of Judaism; his special field was philosophy of Islam and its influence on medieval Jewish thought. Among his important works are: Zur Geschichte des Ascharitentums (1890); Le Kitab al-Muhadkara de Moise ibn Ezra et ses sources (1892); Der Kalam in der jüdischen Literatur (1895); Az iszlám vallásos mozgalmai az első négy században (Religious Movements of Islam in the First Four Centuries; 1889); Zur Geschichte der Polemik zwischen Juden und Muhammedanern. In his last work, Die jüngsten Urteile über das Judentum (1902), he traced contemporary anti-Semitic currents back to their historic sources and tried to prepare the ground for a better understanding of Judaism. In 1902 he became mentally deranged, and never recovered. The critical edition of the works of the Jewish medieval philosophers and of the system of Judaism which he had been preparing remained unfinished. SCHREINER, OLIVE, non-Jewish writer, b. South Africa, 1862; d. South Africa, 1920. She believed that there was a strain of Jewish blood in her ancestry. Deeply sympathetic toward the Jews, she was the writer of a remarkable Letter on the Jew, addressed to a public meeting of the Cape Town branch of the Jewish Territorial Association on July 1, 1906, as a protest against the persecutions of the Jews in Russia. It included a vigorous defense of the Jews and a plea for their admission to South Africa, where they would recuperate and rise, and blossom out in noble forms of genius. "The study of the history of Europe during the past centuries," she wrote, "teaches us one uniform lesson, that the nations which have received and in any way dealt fairly and mercifully with the Jew have prospered; and that the nations that have tortured and oppressed him have written out their own curse." Lit.: Cronwright-Schreiner, S. C., The Life of Olive Schreiner (1924). SCHREYER, JAKAB, jurist, b. Ugra, Hungary, 1847; place and date of death unknown. He studied law in the Universities of Vienna and Pest, and was admitted to the bar. He was a member of the assembly of the city of Budapest and a member of the board of the Budapest chamber of commerce. In 1893 Schreyer was commissioned by the Hungarian minister of justice to redact several bills of commercial law. Among his works, A perorvoslatok teljes rendszere, a complete survey of decisions in common law, won the prize of the Hungarian Academy. SCHROFF, JOSEPH, oral surgeon, b. New York city, 1888. A bachelor of science from the College of the City of New York in 1909, he engaged in chemical research work. In 1917 he served in the New York state department of agriculture. He then engaged in the study of medicine, and graduated from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1920 and from the School of Dental and Oral Surgery in 1922. Schroff became associated with that university as an instructor in history and pathology, in the College of Physicians and Surgeons. After returning from a study course at the University of Vienna (1928) he became associate professor of oral surgery. Schroff was oral surgeon of the Jewish Memorial Hospital, Mount Sinai Clinic, and assistant attending surgeon at Presbyterian Hospital and Vanderbilt Clinic. Honorary president of the Dental Alumni Association of Columbia University, he was awarded the medal of the Association in 1933. SCHTEINGART, MARIO HIRSCH, physician, b. Ulla, Latvia, 1893. In 1910 he went to Argentina. He studied at the University of Cordoba, which awarded him a degree in pharmacology (1917) and the M.D. degree (1922). Having specialized in endocrinology and nutrition, he became a lecturer in the University of Buenos Aires. His more than 200 memoranda to the medical press, in addition to his volumes on basal metabolism, nutrition and dietetics and on the hypophysis and its functions in the clinic, earned him the reputation of an authority on nutrition. He was vice-president at the Cordoba Congress of Nutrition in 1939. Schteingart was president of the Buenos Aires branch of the Friends of the Hebrew University, and twice president of the B'nai B'rith. SCHUDT, JOHANN JAKOB, non-Jewish orientalist, b. Frankfort, Germany, 1664; d. Frankfort, 1722. He was greatly interested in the Jews, their language and their history, and took part in the mission to convert them. His best-known work is his Jüdische Merckwürdigkeiten (Frankfort and Leipzig, 1714; new ed., Berlin, 1922). In it he gathered many facts on Judaism and its doctrines without, however, sifting or critically analyzing the material. Yet his work possesses much historical value, especially for the history of the Jews in Frankfort. A selection from it, under the title of Von der Frankfurter Juden Vergangenheit, was published, with an evaluation, by Efraim Frisch (Berlin, 1934). Another work by Schudt, of humorous nature, is Jüdisches Frankfurter und Prager Freudenfest wegen der höchst glücklichen Geburt des Kaiserlichen Erbprinzens (Leopold) (1716). As demonstrated by his preface to Grünhut's edition of David Kimhi's commentary on Psalms, Schudt must have been in close relationship wih the Frankfort Jews. In his work Judaeus Christicida Schudt attempted to prove that the Jews had been physically and spiritually punished for their crucifixion of Jesus. SCHUECK, JOHAN HENRIK EMIL, biographer and historian of literature, b. Stockholm, Sweden, 1855. In 1890 he was appointed professor of history of literature and arts at the University of Lund, from which he had graduated in 1882, and professor at the University of Upsala in 1898. He was head of the latter university from 1905 until 1918. In 1913 he was appointed a member of the Swedish Academy of Sciences, and during the following years also became a member of other learned Swedish and foreign societies. In 1918 he became chairman of the Nobel Foundation. Although his field is the history of literature, Schueck considers literature a part of civilization as a whole and his works therefore provide a wide cultural outlook. Combining considerate criticism with constructive ideas, he presented new theories on the development of the ancient Germanic religion, on the origins of Swedish literature, and on the general history of literature and of Swedish literature and the independence of all European literature. His background has been termed "almost unlimited." His first impressive work was William Shakespeare (188384), which he rewrote under the title of Shakespeare och hans tid (2 vols., 1916). His most comprehensive work is Världlitteraturens historia (2 vols., 1898-1906). This work was later reissued under the title of Illustrerad allmän litteraturhistoria (7 vols., 1919-26). It contains, among other topics, the history of Jewish literature. His other works SCHULBAUM include biographics of King Gustav III, Madame de Staël, Alfred Nobel (1929), and others. In 1919 he wrote Den Israelitiska literaturen (2nd ed., 1920), and wrote articles on Jewish literature for Bonnier's Lexikon. His fictional works include En Äfventyrare (1918), a novel of the Thirty Years War, while among his historical works is to be mentioned Rom. En vandring genom seklerna (2 vols., 1913-14; 2nc ed., 1923). An eight-volume collection of essays, Ur gamla papper, was published during 1892 to 1908. One of Scheuck's latest works is the third edition of his Illustrerad svensk Litteraturhistoria (1926-32), a work which he compiled together with Karl Johan Warburg. In 1939 he completed the sixth volume of his history of the Academy of Sciences of Upsala, and in 1940 he published studies on the history of Stockholm. In 1943 Schueck was still in Sweden. Lit.: Vem är det? (1940); Salmonsens Konversations Leksikon, vol. 21 (1936) 129; Nordisk Familjebok, vol. 17 (1932) 566; Afzelius, N., Bibliografi över Henrik Schücks (1935). SCHUELEIN, JULIUS WOLFGANG, painter, b. Munich, Germany, 1881. He studied in his native city, where he was especially under the influence of Hugo von Haberman. Schuelein remained in Munich until 1928, one of the most active members of the Munich Secession. His landscapes and especially charming city scenes were examples of a delicate and restrained but effective impressionism. Schuelein also lived for a time in Paris, of which his wife, the talented painter Suzanne Cavallo-Schuelein (b. 1883), was a native. His Montparnasse Station was acquired by the City Museum of Munich. He also published a folio of lithographs, Salzburg (1922). After moving to Berlin in 1928, Schuelein went to Paris in 1933 and to New York city in 1941. Lit.: Deutsche Kunst und Dekoration, vol. 24 (191819) 328; vol. 55 (1924-25) 3; vol. 65 (1929-30) 168; Cicerone, vol. 20 (1928) 277. SCHUELLER, RICHARD, political economist and Austrian state official, b. Brünn, Moravia, 1870. He received the LL.D. degree from the University of Vienna (1892), and entered the office of the Austrian ministry of commerce (1898). Schueller became head of the department of tariff and commercial treaties (1905), and in 1917 was appointed head of that bureau in the ministry of commerce. The following year he entered the foreign office, where he remained until March, 1938, when he was ousted by the Nazis. In 1932 he was made envoy to the League of Nations; he served also as a member of the Economic Committee of the League of Nations. He was an expert on commercial treaties. Schueller taught economics at the University of Vienna (instructor, 1899; assistant professor, 1912; associate professor honoris causa, 1930), and was co-editor of the Zeitschrift für Nationalökonomie (1930-38). In 1940 he emigrated to the United States, and became visiting professor at the Graduate Faculty of Political and Social Science of the New School for Social Research, New York city. Schueller, whose mother was descended from Ezekiel Landau, chief rabbi of Prague, was one of the few non-baptized Jews in the Austrian government service. He was the recipient of numerous orders, including the Austrian Franz Josef order and the Belgian Leopold order, and was a chevalier of the French Legion of Honor. His writings include: Die klassische Nationalökonomie und ihre Gegner (1895); Die Wirtschaftspolitik der historischen Schule (1899); Schutzzoll und Freihandel (1905); Die äussere Wirtschaftspolitik Österreich-Ungarns (1925); The Economic Policy of Austria-Hungary During the War (with G. Gratz; 1928). SCHUL, popular term for synagogue; see SYNA GOGUE. SCHULBAUM, MOSES, Hebraist and writer, b. Brzezany, Poland, 1835; d. Vienna, 1920. He taught Hebrew in the Baron de Hirsch schools, and in 1871 SCHULMAN Julius Schulhoff to 1872 published at Lemberg a weekly, Haeth. He translated into Hebrew Friedrich Schiller's Die Raüber (Hashodedim, Lemberg, 1871) and Aristotle's Ethics (Lemberg, 1877), and edited a revised edition of Judah Loeb Ben Zeeb's Otzar Hashorashim (5 vols., Lemberg, 1880-82), to which he added a Hebrew-German dictionary (Lemberg, 1898) and a German-Hebrew dictionary (Lemberg, 1904). Lit.: Zeitlin, William, Bibliotheca Hebraica Post-Mendelssohniana, 23, 351; Kenaani, Jacob, in Leshonenu, vol. 5 (1934) 299-331. SCHULBERG, BENJAMIN PERCIVAL, motion picture producer, b. Bridgeport, Conn., 1892. Educated at the College of the City of New York, he started as a reporter and scenario writer. In 1912 he joined Adolph Zukor's Famous Players Company, and when that concern merged with Jesse L. Lasky's company (1915) to become the Paramount Corporation, Schulberg was made general manager. During the subsequent decades he repeatedly engaged in independent production, thus from 1918 to 1925, and again in 1932 and 1936 when he organized his own company; the pictures produced by it were, however, released by Paramount. In the intervals from 1926 to 1932 he was general manager for Paramount on the West Coast, and from 1935 to 1936 production executive for Columbia Pictures. In 1938 he associated himself with David O. Selznick, and in 1940 returned to Columbia Pictures. Among the best remembered of Schulberg's productions were: Jennie Gerhardt; Three Cornered Moon; Little Miss Marker; And So They Were Married; Wedding Present; Blossoms on Broadway; He Stayed for Breakfast; Adventures of Martin Eden. In 1942 he was producing City Without Men. SCHULHOFF, JULIUS, pianist and teacher, b. Prague, 1825; d. Berlin, 1898. He made his piano debut in Dresden in 1842. Following a successful concert at Leipzig he went to Paris, where he attracted the attention and admiration of Chopin, who sponsored a series of recitals. Extensive tours of Europe placed him in the front rank of piano virtuosos. Following an extraordinarily successful career as concert artist, he settled in Paris as teacher. Later, in Dresden, he became one of the most successful piano teachers of his time, receiving the honorary title of royal professor in 1897. He wrote many works for piano, including a sonata, impromptus, caprices, études and waltzes. ERWIN SCHULHOFF (b. Prague, 1894), his nephew, distinguished himself as a pianist, as a composer of radical tendencies, and as professor of piano at the Prague Conservatory. SCHULKLOPFER, see FUNCTIONARIES, RELIGIOUS AND COMMUNAL. SCHULMAN, KALMAN, Hebrew writer, b. Old Bychov, White Russia, 1821; d. Vilna, Lithuania, 1899. His literary career flourished in the heyday of the Russian Haskalah, whose central tone was criticism and negation of traditional and Hasidic Judaism. Nevertheless he devoted his efforts entirely to positive and constructive contributions to enlightenment. He was the most prolific writer of the age, producing more than twenty volumes, mostly translations and adapta tions from many sources. He enriched Hebrew literature with many useful and instructive works of knowledge which was inaccessible to his generation, and thereby he widened the horizon of his contemporaries. His translations Mistere Paris (the adventure and mystery novel by Eugene Sue) and Harisoth Bether (the historical novel of the age of Bar Kochba by Dr. Mayer Lehmann) were among the first novels to appear in the Hebrew language, and opened to the Jews of the 1860's and 1870's a new and romantic world. Most of Schulman's works, however, were not in the field of fiction. He was primarily concerned with providing the young Jews of his day with informative reading of general and Jewish interest. Thus he translated freely Weber's History of the World in nine volumes (Vilna, 186784), wrote a ten-volume work on the geography of the world, Mosede Eretz (adapted from many sources; Vilna, 1871-77); and published a four-volume book of biographies of great Jewish personalities, Toledoth Hachme Yisrael (adapted from Graetz; Vilna 1872-78). Among his informative contributions are his translation (from a secondary source) of Josephus' Life (Vilna, 1859), Jewish War and Antiquities (Vilna, 1861-63); his works Halichoth Kedem (two volumes on the geography of Palestine and the Near East; Vilna, 1848 and 1854); and Ariel (Vilna, 1856) and Harel (Vilna, 1864), collected essays on Biblical geography, Sinaitic inscriptions, the Lost Ten Tribes and other subjects. Others of his works are Habatzeleth Hasharon (The Lily of the Valley; 1881), Minhath Ereb (Twilight Offering; 1889), Eretz Hakedem (The Orient; 1890), and other collections of essays and sketches, original and adapted, on historical and geographical subjects, particularly pertaining to Palestine. His works are a virtual library prepared by one man and used by thousands who knew no other language than Hebrew. His style and content are romantic: the love of Palestine, of the Hebrew language, the mysteries of the Orient, and the adventures of the past. Even his books on practical knowledge are written in lyrical and ornate style, with an appealing charm. Schulman's contribution is not in creating a new movement or style, but in contributing more richly than any one else to the education of his generation, and also to the succeeding generation, for practical enlightenment. AHRON OPHER. Lit.: Lachower, Fishel, Toledoth Hasifruth Haibrith Hahadashah, vol. 2 (1929) 133 et seq.; Klausner, Joseph, Yotzerim Ubonim, vol. 1, p. 56 et seq.; idem, Historiyah shel Hasifruth Haibrith Hahadashah, vol. 3 (1937) 40030; Waxman, Meyer, A History of Jewish Literature, vol. 3 (1936) 31 et seq. SCHULMAN, SAMUEL, rabbi, scholar and theologian of the Reform Movement, b. Kalvaria, Russia, 1864. He was brought to the United States in 1868. A precocious child, he began the study of the Talmud at the age of eight, at the same time attending public schools in New York city. He attended the College |