at Cornell and Columbia Universities, being awarded the M.D. degree by the latter in 1899. He was engaged in medical research at Rockefeller Institute from 1901 to 1906, after which he was chief pharmacologist in the laboratory of the Bureau of Chemistry from 1908 to 1918. He lectured at the University of Wisconsin (1918-19) as acting professor of physiological chemistry; at the University of Georgia (1919-29) as professor of physiology and pharmacology; and at New York Medical College (from 1935 on) as guest professor. Salant was also in charge (1929-32) of pharmacological investigation at the Biological Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, N. Y. His most important contributions to medical science are findings regarding the effect of the kidneys on the elimination of various drugs, the effect of various factors on muscle physiology and the secretion and toxicity of bile. From 1932 on he was chiefly engaged in study and writing on the history of science.

SALANTER, ISRAEL, see Lipkin, ISRAEL.

SALE, see BARTER AND SALE; PROPERTY, SALE AND TRANSFER OF.

SALE, MOSES N., judge, b. Louisville, Ky., 1857; d. St. Louis, 1930. Following his graduation from the Universities of Louisville and Illinois, he practised law in his native Louisville as a partner of James Speed, and subsequently in St. Louis. In 1903 he was appointed judge of the circuit court of St. Louis by Governor Dockery; in 1904 he was elected for the same office for a six-year term as the only Democrat and served until 1911. In 1928 he again ran for office, and was one of three Democrats to be elected.

SAMUEL SALE (1854-1937), the brother of Moses N. Sale, was rabbi for forty-two years at Baltimore, Chicago and St. Louis. He was the first American-born rabbi to occupy a Jewish pulpit in the United States. A third brother, Lee Sale, was a prominent lawyer at St. Louis.

SALEM, a city in Massachusetts, with an estimated Jewish population (in 1943) of 1,500 out of a total population of 41,213 (census of 1940). Salem was first settled by Jews from Eastern Europe, principally Russia, in 1885. In 1894, the Orthodox congregation Sons of Jacob was organized, and in 1903 remodeled a Baptist church into a synagogue. The congregants were worshipping in that same synagogue in 1943, and then had as their rabbi Herbert I. Simckes.

A Hebrew Ladies' Aid Society was founded in 1902; a Hebrew School and Sunday School in 1907, and a Hebrew Free Loan association in 1916. Sometimes considered a part of Greater Boston, Salem nevertheless operated completely as a self-sufficient community. In 1943 it supported a very active Community Center which was built in 1937, and which sponsored a Hebrew School, Y.M.H.A., and other community activities. A library was established in 1938. The community also conducted an annual United Jewish Appeal campaign. Salem joined with nearby Peabody in supporting the Salem-Peabody B'nai B'rith Lodge No. 894. Jews of Salem engaged mainly in small commercial enterprises, with a sprinkling in such professional fields. as law, medicine and dentistry.

Prominent in local communal affairs were Joseph Newmark, elected president of the Chamber of Commerce in 1941; Max Shridman, chairman of the Board of the City Park Department in 1942; and Lewis Baker, a member of the City Planning Board (1939- ).

HENRY W. Levy.

SALMON

SALEM, A. B., communal and political leader (date and place of birth could not be determined). A lawyer by profession, he was appointed special officer for the investigation of the Cochin State fisheries (1907-9). Salem represented the Jews as a member of the legis lative council of Cochin State, and he was also a whip of the Progressive Party of Cochin (1925-31). From 1928 to 1929 he served as president of the Executive Committee of the Indian States People's Conference and from 1937 to 1938 he was president of the Postal Union of Cochin. He was an advocate at the High Court of Cochin.

Salem was a prominent spokesman for a constitution and responsible government for Cochin and the other Indian states. Outstanding in Jewish affairs, he headed the Malabar Jews' Association from 1932, and was member of the board of studies for Hebrew and Syriac at the University of Madras, British India. He wrote a book on the synagogue of Jews' Town, Cochin.

SALFELD, SIEGMUND, rabbi and historian, b. Stadthagen, Schaumburg-Lippe, Germany, 1843; d. Mayence, Germany, 1926. He became rabbi in DessauAnhalt in 1870, and served in Mayence from 1880 to 1918. His numerous writings, mostly historical, deal chiefly with the history of the Jews in Mayence and its vicinity, as studied from the sources. They appeared partly as independent publications, partly in periodicals and festival volumes.

His chief work, Das Martyrologium des Nürnberger Memorbuchs, appeared at Berlin in 1898. Salfeld's theory that the Memorbuch, which he edited, belonged to the Nuremberg community, although it was found in Mayence, was challenged by Magnus Weinberg, who decided that its contents applied to Mayence. Salfeld wrote also Das Hohelied Salomos bei den jüdischen Erklärern des Mittelalters (1879).

See also MEMORBUCH.

Lit.: Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums (1912), No. 39, p. 466; No. 40, pp. 473-74; Hamburger Israelitisches Familienblatt, May, 1926; Weinberg, Magnus, Die Memor bücher der jüdischen Gemeinden in Bayern (1937-38).

SALKINSON, ISAAC EDWARD, convert to Christianity and missionary to the Jews, b. Vilna, Lithuania, 1822; d. Vienna, 1883. He was a son of the Hebrew writer Solomon Salkind. As a youth he set out for the United States with the intention of entering a rabbinical seminary. While in London, however, he met agents of the London Missionary Society and was persuaded to forsake Judaism.

Baptized soon afterward, he entered (1849) the college of that society, where he studied for four years. His first appointment was as missionary to the Jews at Edinburgh, where he became a student at Divinity Hall. He was ordained a minister of the Presbyterian Church at Glasgow in 1859. Salkinson served his church as a missionary in various cities, including Pressburg, Slovakia, and finally settled in Vienna in 1876. He translated into Hebrew Milton's Paradise Lost, Shakespeare's Othello and Romeo and Juliet, and the New Testament.

Lit.: Dunlop, J., Memoirs of Gospel Triumphs (1894) 372 et seq.

SALMON, ALEXANDER, sailor, merchant and royal councillor, b. London, 1822; d. Tahiti, an island in the South Pacific Ocean, 1866. He was the son of a Jewish banker of London, and became a sailor.

For many years he was on board a whaler. While still a young man, he came to Tahiti and married Arii Taimai, chieftainess of the Teva clan, who was Queen Pomare's equal if not her superior because her family was nobler than that of the sovereigns of Tahiti. Salmon's wife was a famous author, the historian of Tahiti. Her memoirs, which are

mainly a history of her native country, were edited in part by Henry Adams (1901).

Salmon became principal adviser of the rulers of Tahiti, and performed meritorious service for the island. There were various political and religious conflicts and difficulties. French missionaries endeavored to convert the natives who were Protestants, and combatted English missionaries. A French navy established French sovereignty in 1841, but the Frenchmen were incapable of maintaining peace and public order, and religious and civil wars raged in 1844 to 1845. Under these circumstances Salmon was welcomed by both natives and French authorities; he was acknowledged an impartial justice, and succeeded in settling the differences. Although an Englishman, he dissuaded the natives from resistance to France, realizing that the British government was not at all interested in the independence of Tahiti. Salmon continued to look after Tahiti's welfare. In the late 1850's he went to Paris to call to the attention of Napoleon III some grievances which the French governor of Tahiti constantly disregarded, but he was not admitted to an audience. He therefore went to London, where he published his Lettre concernant l'état actuel de Tahiti (1858).

Salmon's wife died in 1897. His daughter, JOANNA MARAN TAAROA, married Pomare V, the last king of Tahiti. His son Tati became an intimate friend of Robert Louis Stevenson, who, in a letter to Sidney Colvin of January 14, 1889, called Tati "my chief, for I am now a Teva." HUGO BIEBER. Lit.: Australian Jewish Historical Society, Proceedings, vol. 1 (1940).

SALMON, SIR ISIDORE, caterer, public servant and Jewish communal worker, b. London, 1876; d. London, 1941. He began his career as a kitchen apprentice at the Hotel Bristol in London, and later served at Olympia, where J. Lyons and Company were the catering contractors.

to

When the first Barnum and Bailey Circus came Olympia, Salmon, at the age of seventeen, was entrusted with buying from the markets. Eleven years later he became a director of Lyons, and in 1929 chairman. During his forty-nine-year association with that firm, Salmon exerted a decisive influence in its development into an organization which, before the outbreak of the second World War, provided employment for 43,000 persons. He founded the Westminster Technical School, for the training of waiters and cooks, and was on the board of the National Training College of Domestic Subjects.

In 1919 and from 1921 until his death Salmon was chairman of the City of London Labor Exchange. He took an active part in the reforming of the municipal administration of the city of London. From 1907 to 1925 he was a member of the City Council, where he served as a member of various committees, especially as chairman of the Special Reorganization Committee, whose vice-chairman he was in 1924 to 1925. In 1925 he entered Parliament as a conservative member for Harrow. He was considered a scientious, painstaking and moderate representative who never sought the limelight but always commanded the respect of the house because of his solid knowledge. He was a member of numerous committees dealing with housing, transport, prison, hospital and other problems, and was especially useful as chairman of the Estimates Committee, which supervised expenditures.

con

In the first World War, Salmon organized the Navy and Army Canteen Board, and revolutionized army catering methods. He was given the rank of major.

Isidore Salmon

In the second World War he rendered valuable service as honorary adviser on catering to the British Army. In 1920 he was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire, and was knighted in 1933.

Salmon was keenly interested in Jewish communal work. He was vice-president of the Jewish Orphanage, West Norwood, and president of the South London Jewish Schools and of the Highbury Home for Friendless Children. He was president of Wembley Congregation, and on the board of the Bayswater Synagogue. For nine years he was chairman of the building committee of the United Synagogue, and from 1925 to 1934 its treasurer. He was then elected its vice-president, and in the same year became vice-president of the Board of Deputies.

SALMONY, ALFRED, art historian, b. Cologne, Germany, 1890. He turned to specialization in Chinese and cognate arts while still a student at the Universities of Vienna and of Bonn, where he received the Ph.D. degree in 1920. That same year Salmony became curator of the Museum of Far Eastern Art at Cologne, and in 1925 was made assistant director of the Museum. In collaboration with the director, Frieda Fischer-Wieruschowski, he organized the Cologne Exhibition of Asiatic Art (1926). Salmony held exchange professorships in the United States in 1926 to 1927 and again in 1932; further travels took him on a series of trips to the Soviet Union (1927-31) and to China (1929-30).

Returning to the United States in 1934, as the result of the advent of the Nazi government in Germany, he lectured at Mills College (1934-37), at the University of Washington (1937) and at New York University (1938- ).

Salmony's published work deals largely with his specialized subjects of study. One of his most important contributions was his doctorate thesis, Europa-Ostasien (1922), a general comparison of plastics in the two hemispheres. Among his studies of Chinese art were Chinesische Landschaftsmalerei (1921); Chinesische Plastik (1925); and Die Stellung der Beinschnitzerei in der chinesischen Kunst. He wrote also many monographs on Siberian art in French and German periodicals, and was author of Carved Jades of Ancient China (1938).

SALOMAN, GESKEL, painter, b. Tondern, Schleswig, 1821; d. Bestad, Sweden, 1902. Until 1871 he directed the school of drawing at the Gotenburg museum; then he moved to Stockholm, where he became professor at the academy of arts (1874). He won great renown as a painter.

His notable canvases are News from the Crimean War (1855); Girl with a Letter in her Hand (1871); Return of the Conqueror (1880); and two Jewish paintings, The Blessing of the Sabbath Lights and Talmud Study. Saloman wrote several works on the history of art.

Lit.: Nordisk Familjebok; Kohut, Adolph, Berühmte Israelitische Männer und Frauen (1900-1); Raphael-Linden, Olga, "Geskel Saloman," Die Heimat (1925), No. 3.

SALOME, daughter of the Idumean Antipater; she lived in Palestine at the end of the 1st cent., B.C.E. She was the favorite of her brother Herod the Great, and mainly responsible for his cruel family policies. Because of her slanders against the Hasmonean Queen Mariamne, whom she hated, the latter was sentenced to death. With equal hate Salome later persecuted Mariamne's sons, one of whom was Aristobulus, husband of her daughter Berenice, and she participated in the legal proceedings that resulted in their being condemned to death (7 B.C.E.). Salome was married three times. Her first two husbands were executed by Herod, not without her aid. Herod bequeathed to her several towns and considerable revenues, which she, on her part, later bequeathed to her patroness, the Empress Livia.

Lit.: Schürer, Emil, A History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ, part 1, vols. 1 and 2; Graetz, H., History of the Jews, vol. 2 (1927); Dubnow, S., Weltgeschichte des jüdischen Volkes, vol. 2 (1925) 265, 286; Minkin, Jacob S., Herod (1936).

SALOME, daughter of Herodias and wife of the tetrarch Herod Antipas, who lived in Palestine in the 1st cent. According to Christian tradition, Antipas had John the Baptist beheaded by request of his stepdaughter Salome. Heinrich Graetz declared this tale to be an interpolation. Salome is the leading role in Oscar Wilde's last work, the drama Salome, which was set to music by Richard Strauss.

Lit.: Schürer, Emil, A History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ, part 1; Dubnow, S., Weltgeschichte des jüdischen Volkes, vol. 2 (1925); Minkin, Jacob S., Herod (1936).

SALOME ALEXANDRA, queen of Judea from 76 to 67 B.C.E. She was the wife of the Hasmonean King Aristobulus I, and after his death married his brother and successor Alexander Jannaeus. The latter, on his deathbed, made her his successor, whereupon she reigned with energy and circumspection. To restore the peace among her people that was disturbed by party squabbles, she summoned the Pharisees to the government and thereby incurred the hostility of the Sadducees, who, however, behaved quietly. She protected the boundaries of the Jewish kingdom, which had been considerably enlarged by her predecessors, and was able to live in peace with the neighboring countries, refraining from further conquests. Once only she sent an army against Damascus, but avoided war with the Armenians. Her reign marks the culmination of the Hasmonean state. Immediately after her death conflict between her sons Hyrcanus and Aristobulus started, as a result of which the nation came to its end.

Lit.: The standard Jewish histories for the period. SALOMO D'ITALIA, see ITALIA, SHALOM.

SALOMON, ADOLF, industrialist and philanthropist, b. Bucharest, Roumania, 1848; d. Bucharest, 1920. He was a pioneer in the metallurgical industry of Roumania. In 1900, the year of the great emigration of Roumanian Jews, Salomon was asked by the Jewish Colonization Association at Paris to act as chair

SALOMON

man of the committee which was to organize the exodus on a rational basis. "The committee was headed by one of the most distinguished Jews of Bucharest: Adolf Salomon" (Leven, Narcisse, Cinquante ans d'his toire: L'Alliance Israélite Universelle, 1860-1910). Salomon founded the first professional school for Jews in Roumania, Ciocanul (The Hammer), which trained mechanics, carpenters and electricians. He personally directed the school, which was recognized by the Roumanian authorities as the best in the country. Its graduates were noted as well-trained, skilled workers, and readily found work throughout Roumania and abroad. Integrity, wisdom and devotion to the welfare of the Jewish people won Salomon the esteem of wide circles. In the political field he participated in the fight for emancipation as one of the leaders of the Union of Roumanian Jews. He took an active part also in communal life.

SALOMON, ALICE, women's leader and social worker, b. Berlin, 1872. She organized (1899) the first annual course for professional social workers, which later developed into the first German school for social work, which she headed until 1925, when ill health forced her retirement.

She was a delegate to the quinquennial meeting of the International Council of Women in London (1899), and helped organize the International Congress of Women in Berlin (1904). She embraced Christianity in 1916. In 1906 she was among the first women to obtain the Ph.D. degree from the University of Berlin; her thesis dealt with the causes of unequal pay for equal work for men and

women.

She founded the Konferenz der Sozialen Frauenschulen in Germany. Elected vice-president of the International Council of Women in 1920, she was forced to resign after the establishment of the Nazi regime (1933). On the occasion of her sixtieth birthday (1932) she was awarded the honorary M.D. degree by the University of Berlin in recognition of her health and research work. She was also recipient of the German government's silver medal for services to the state, and the school for social work she had founded was renamed the Alice Salomon School (1932).

Alice Salomon, who was known as "Germany's Jane Addams," published several textbooks on economics, civics and social welfare problems. Expelled from Germany in 1937, she was living in 1943 in New York city, where her seventieth birthday was celebrated by numerous prominent women's organizations. The International Club of the Y.M.C.A. in New York awarded her its first annual bronze medal for distinguished service to humanity (1939).

Lit.: Kern, Elga, Führende Frauen Europas (1927); New York Times, July 13, 1937.

SALOMON, GOTTFRIED, sociologist, b. Frankfort, Germany, 1892. He was descended from an old rabbinic family in Worms, and on the maternal side from a Huguenot family in Coblenz. He was assistant professor of sociology at the University of Frankfort (1924-33), and lecturer at the Institut Germanique of the Sorbonne, Paris (1933-40). He arrived in the United States in 1941, and in 1943 was lecturer at the New School of Social Research (Rockefeller fellowship).

Salomon, a pupil of Georg Simmel and Franz Oppenheimer, wrote many volumes on sociology, including Allgemeine Staatslehre (1930) and Politik als Wissenschaft (1930). He was editor of the Jahrbuch für Soziologie and organizer of the post-graduate international courses at Davos, Switzerland.

SALOMON, HAYM

SALOMON, GOTTHOLD, Reform preacher, b. Sandersleben, Anhalt, Germany, 1784; d. Hamburg, Germany, 1862. In 1818 he became preacher in the newly founded congregation of Hamburg, where he worked together with Eduard Kley. He composed a modernistic prayer-book which caused the outbreak of the so-called second "Tempelstreit" (controversy about the synagogue). Salomon participated in the rabbinical conferences of Leipzig, Brunswick, Frankfort and Breslau.

The best-known of his writings is Deutsche Volks- und Schulbibel für Israeliten, prepared with the aid of Isaac Noah Mannheimer (1837). Salomon was an impressive preacher who spoke in many communities.

Lit.: Salomon's autobiography (1863); Kayserling, M., Bibliothek jüdischer Kanzelredner.

SALOMON, HAYM, a financier of the American Revolution, b. Lissa, Poland, 1740; d. Philadelphia, 1785. He received a liberal education in his native country and was well-versed in French, Russian, Italian, German and English.

When he was in his thirties, Poland was engaged in a death struggle for her independence. His direct participation in Poland's fight for freedom is not certain, but it is known from the records of the American Congress that he was a close friend and associate of the foremost Polish patriots. When Poland's cause was lost and the country was dismembered (1772) by the aggressors (Russia, Austria and Prussia), Salomon left for America at the same time that Tadeusz Kosciusko and Casimir Pulaski did, and they later met in America as old friends.

Salomon came to New York at the age of thirty-two, by way of England. There is reason to believe that prior to his journey to America he also visited and perhaps lived in Holland and France. Shortly after settling in New York, he opened a brokerage and commission merchant's office in Broad Street. It seems that prior to his arrival in the American colonies he made business connections with financial leaders in France and Holland; these later contributed to his successful transactions involving foreign securities in behalf of the colonies. However, the unrest in the little city's life drew him closer to those groups of Colonials who, in secrecy, were preparing the Revolution for America's independence. New York was still in the hands of the British Royalists with whom a considerable part of the population was dissatisfied, and Salomon, having run away from a country which had lost its independence, allied himself with members of the then discredited freedom-loving organization, the Sons of Liberty.

The man who brought Salomon into the sphere of revolutionary activity was Alexander MacDougall, with whom, through business association, he established an intimate friendship. He neglected his business and cast his lot with the Sons of Liberty. On September 26, 1776, he was arrested after a fire had burned one quarter of the city. It was the time when General Sir William Howe, driven out of Boston, concentrated British hopes and power upon New York, which was more loyal than any other city in the Colonies.

Salomon was first confined at the citadel, known as the Old Sugar House, and then transferred to the Provost Prison. There he was appointed jail interpreter, and after a short term of imprisonment was released. A year later, on January 2, 1777, he married Rachel Franks, whose brother Isaac was subsequently an aide to George Washington with the rank of lieutenant colonel. Salomon was arrested a second time as a spy at the beginning of 1778. This time, however, he was court-martialed and sentenced to be hanged. He managed, however, to escape, and he must have been helped in this by the Sons of Liberty, who knew all about his peril and in some way managed to get word of it to his old friend MacDougall, who at that time had risen to important commands of certain American forces. In the papers of the Continental Congress, in the Library of Congress, is

Hayn Solomon...

respecting Bills 40 This Becher has been usefull to the

that any Disadvantage can profsibly, arise to the public finier public Interest and request & leave to Publish himself as Broker to this Office to which I but the leverse and he expects individual Benefits there from have Consented as I do not see that