briskly stirring them together from the bottom, pour in, gradually, the diluted muriatic acid; then let the dough be formed; and while in a rough state, let it be thrown on the board, and lightly kneaded with a biscuit brake or rolling pin for a few minutes, doubling and rolling it until it becomes blended, and quite uniform and light, care being taken, however, that this process is not continued too long. When this is accomplished, the dough may be lightly moulded with dry flour, and baked in loaves distinct from each other, and not very large (from half a pound to a pound and a half weight of dough each). The bread, in some ovens, is found to turn out best when baked under tins, in the form called, in London, Coburg, or Coronation loaves.

The oven should be hot enough to raise the dough quickly, but not so hot as to bind the crust too soon. The bread requires to be well soaked (as it is technically termed by bakers), it being apt to retain too much moisture if it be not sufficiently long in the oven. The process of mixing should be conducted in a cool place, and the water used should be as cold as can be procured, especially in hot weather. Common salt may be added, in quantities sufficient to flavour the bread. The quantity of common salt formed by the ingredients used is about 280 grains, when 350 grains of the aforesaid carbonate of soda are employed; and a little addition of common salt, about half, or three quarters, of an ounce, which is to be dissolved in the diluted acid, will generally improve the taste of the bread. The quantity of water above mentioned will be found to correspond with from half a pound to one pound of flour, but this must vary with the strength of the flour, and rather a soft dough is better than that which is stiff. Great care must be taken in the mixing, in all cases, to

secure a perfect union of the acid and alkali, otherwise the bread will be discoloured.

Having thus described the means of performing his improvement, the Patentee states that he would remark, that soda and carbonic acid in their other chemical combinations, as the common chrystalized carbonate (called sometimes sub-carbonate), or the dried carbonate, or the true bicarbonate, may be employed for the same purpose, care being observed to obtain the formation of a sufficient quantity of gas, and to form a neutral mixture of the acid and alkali, that is, to produce common salt, as above explained. The Patentee also remarks that he does not confine himself to the precise means of mixing, hereinbefore explained, as the same may be varied, provided the object of the invention be kept in view, which is that of neutralizing the ingredients used, and producing common salt, and also causing the bread to be cellular light (or spongy) as above described.

When eggs, milk, butter, sugar, and spices, are to be used in making different kinds of light cakes, the same may be mixed with one portion of the flour before the alkali is added to it, and the dough made as above described, only it must be rendered stiffer by the addition of flour and by pressure, in the same way that is employed in preparing dough for these sorts of cake in the ordinary process.

The flour of rye, and that of barley and oats, when mixed with some of wheat, may be made into bread in the same manner; and potatoes (which must, on no account, exceed one third by weight of the quantity of flour intended to be made into bread, the other two thirds being of wheaten flour); and rice may also be used with wheaten flour, though the bread will generally be considered best if made wholly of wheaten flour.

VOL. XI.

H

Having thus described the nature of the invention, and the manner of performing the same, the Patentee concludes by saying, "that he is aware that carbonate of soda, carbonate of ammonia, and carbonate of magnesia, have been used in preparing some kinds of farinaceous food (and some acids also); he does not, therefore, claim the use of those materials generally, in preparing farinaceous food; but what he does claim as his improvement or improvements, is the preparing such food by means of an acid and au alkali (such alkali being in union with carbonic acid), whereby the foods are rendered cellular light and spongy, without the aid of fermentation, as above described."-[Inrolled in the Inrolment Office, November, 1836.]

To JOHN HEWITT, of Kennegie, in the county of Cornwall, gentleman, for his invention of a combination of certain materials or matters, which being combined or mixed together will form a valuable substance or compound, and may be used with, or as a substitute for, soap. [Sealed 19th April, 1834.]

THIS invention consists in combining one or more of the substances generally known by the name of mica, steatite, card or guard and porcelain earth, with the ordinary materials of which soap is composed. The mica, steatite, or other materials above mentioned, must be first reduced to a very fine and impalpable powder, and then mixed, either separately or in combination with one or two other of the above-named substances, in the proportion of from one eighth to three fourths by weight of either of these materials, with from seven eighths to one

fourth of the ordinary soap of commerce, commonly known by the name of yellow soap.

The mixing process is carried on in the following manner: the ordinary soap of commerce is sliced up, and with it is mixed the above material or materials in the proportions above described, the whole is then put into a suitable vessel to be melted, water being added to aid the operation. When the ingredients are properly mixed, the contents of the vessel is allowed to cool, and then is to be cut out into bars, as is usual in such

cases.

The Patentee states, that he finds the proportion of about one half of the siliceous materials to one half by weight of the saponaceous materials to be the best proportion for common soaps, and that the ingredients must not be mixed in any other proportions than those above mentioned, viz. from one eighth to three fourths, as the desired effect will not be obtained if the ingredients are mixed in any proportions either more or less than these.

For making fancy or toilet soaps, the Patentee uses curd, instead of yellow soap, and he lessens the proportion of the siliceous ingredients.

In conclusion, the Patentee states, that he does not mean or intend to claim as his invention the application of

any siliceous material to the manufacture of soap, as he is aware that such materials have been applied to cleansing before; but he claims as his invention the ap plication of the above-named materials in the before

*The Patentee here states, that the siliceous ingredients may be added before the soap is allowed to cool, when it is manufactured; and it must be evident that this is the most economical way for the manufacturer.

mentioned proportions: viz. from one eighth to three fourths by weight of the siliceous ingredients, to from seven eighths to one fourth of the saponaceous materials in the manner above described.-[Inrolled in the Inrolment Office, October, 1834.]

"

List of Patents

Granted by the French Government from the 1st of July to the 31st of October, 1836.

(Continued from vol. x., p. 379.)

To Solms and Badat, of Paris, for an improved furnace for the making of coke.

François Lergent, of Paris, for improvements in the making of steel spcons and forks.

Pierre Joseph Ende, of Affranville, for a means of applying a chronometer to the measuring of gas.

Edouard Largier, of Paris, for à distilling apparatus.

Jacques Dearé Allier, of Tens, near Peronne, for a means of preserving thrashed corn.

Letault Cairo, Youndan-Dupontillac, and Roboglia, of Paris, for a bituminous cement.

William Patterson, of Dublin, for a new substance for tanning leather.

Caiman Duverger, of Choisy sous Etoiles, for an apparatus for cleaning corn.

-Claude Allier, of Paris, for improvements in clocks and watches.

Evrard Diendonne, of Bethel, for an improved machinery in combing wool.:

--François Martin Desgranges, of Paris, for a method of manu

facturing various articles with whalebone.

-Pierre Giraud, of St. Etienne, for improvements in the manufacturing of bricks.