Of 7,258 employees from whom information was secured, 2,557 were females and 4,701 were males. Of this number 87.3 per cent were of foreign birth, 10.2 per cent of employees were native-born of foreign father, 2.5 per cent were whites native-born of native father, and 0.1 per cent were negroes native-born of native father. The South Italian employees show the highest per cent of any of the races for whom information was secured, and Russian Hebrews rank next in somewhat smaller proportions, while the other races report in much smaller proportions.

CHAPTER III.

ECONOMIC STATUS.

Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United StatesWeekly earnings-Relation between period of residence and earning ability-[Text Tables 100 to 109 and General Tables 56 to 61].

PRINCIPAL OCCUPATION OF IMMIGRANT EMPLOYEES BEFORE COMING TO THE UNITED STATES.

In order that a comparison may be made with the industrial status of the immigrant employees in New York City, the two tables first presented set forth the principal occupations while abroad of employees of foreign-birth. The table which immediately follows shows by race the percentage of foreign-born male employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States.

TABLE 100.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Of the 3,102 male employees reporting in this table, 64.4 per cent were engaged in the manufacture of clothing before coming to the United States; 14.3 per cent were in trade; 7.6 per cent in hand trades; 5.3 per cent were farmers or farm laborers; 5 per cent were in оссираtions not specified; 2.7 per cent were in manufacturing other than clothing; and 0.6 per cent were general laborers. The North and South Italians are the races having the highest proportion who were engaged in the clothing industry abroad. They also rank highest among those formerly in the hand trades and in occupations not specified. The Lithuanians were very largely engaged in farming or farm labor, and the Hebrews, both Russian and other than Russian, report considerable numbers previously in trade.

The following table shows by race the percentage of foreign-born female employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States.

TABLE 101.-Per cent of foreign-born female employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Of 473 females reporting in this table, 89.9 per cent were engaged in sewing, embroidering, lace making, etc.; 2.1 per cent were engaged in other manufacturing; 1.7 per cent were working at farming, or farm laboring; 1.7 per cent were in domestic service; 4.2 per cent were in trade; and 0.4 per cent followed other occupations. Each of the two races shown in the table report over 90 per cent of their number formerly engaged in some sort of clothing manufacture. No South Italians were in domestic service and no Russian Hebrews were in farm work or in occupations other than specified.

WEEKLY EARNINGS.

The average earnings and the range of earnings of employees in New York City are treated in the two following tables. The first table shows, by general nativity and race, the percentage of male employees 18 years of age or over who were earning each specified amount weekly. TABLE 102.—Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

TABLE 102.-Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race-Continued.

Of 4,307 male employees reporting in this table, 99.1 per cent are earning $5 a week or over; 90.2 per cent are earning $7.50 or over; 78.1 per cent $10 or over; 51.5 per cent $12.50 or over; 42.4 per cent $15 or over; 15 per cent $20 or over; 5.6 per cent $22.50 or over; and 3.3 per cent $25 or over. Practically all persons, native or foreign born, are earning over $5 a week, but the per cents of some races diminish rapidly in the wage columns that follow. The whites, native-born of native father, and the native-born of foreign father show greater proportions earning each specified amount above $7.50 than is shown for the foreign-born. Among the foreign-born group the Germans show the greatest earning capacity. No Poles reporting earn as much as $22.50 a week.

The table next presented sets forth the percentage of female employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount each week: TABLE 103.-Per cent of female employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more females reporting The totals, however, are for all races.]

* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.