Of 4.961 male employees, 45.4 per cent have been in the United States under five years, 19.9 per cent from five to nine years, 6.5 per cent from ten to fourteen years, 8.2 per cent from fifteen to nineteen years, and 20 per cent have been in this country twenty years or over. The Russians, Magyars, Lithuanians, Slovaks, Poles, North Italians, and South Italians, in the order mentioned, show over 50 per cent who have been in the United States under five years. Other races given in the table show considerably smaller proportions, the Germans exhibiting only 9.7 per cent having this period of residence. The Ruthenians, with 35.3 per cent, show the highest proportion with a residence of from five to nine years, but all other races, except English, Irish, Russians, and Germans, show over 20 per cent in this group. In the group showing males with a residence of from ten to fourteen years the English and South Italians show over 10 per cent, all other races showing smaller proportions and only 2.7 per cent of the Slovaks appearing in that group. The Germans, English, and Irish show over 10 per cent having a residence of from fifteen to nineteen years, other races showing smaller proportions and the Magyars showing the lowest proportion, 2.8 per cent. The Germans show 66.7 per cent who have been in the United States twenty years or over, and Irish 44.8 per cent and English 39.4 per cent having this period of residence. All other races exhibit small proportions in this

group.

The table below shows, by race of individual, the per cent of foreign-born persons in the households studied who have been in the United States each specified number of years:

TABLE 13.-Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number of years, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 20 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Of all the individuals for whom information has been secured slightly over one-half have been in the United States under five years, almost three-fourths have been here under ten years, and 92.9 per cent have been here under twenty years. The proportion of individuals who have been in this country under five, under ten, and under twenty years, respectively, is much larger for the Lithuanians and Poles than for the Germans, the difference in the percentages being very marked in the cases of individuals in the United States under twenty years.

RACIAL CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AT THE PRESENT TIME.

The racial composition of the operating forces of the industry at the present time is indicated by the following table, which shows the male employees of each race for whom information was secured.

TABLE 14.-Male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and

Information was secured from 5,826 males employed in this industry. Of this number, 85.3 per cent are of foreign birth, 8.4 per cent are native-born of foreign father, 5.6 per cent are native whites born of native father, and less than 1 per cent are native-born negroes. The Poles constitute the largest proportion of the total number with 30.2 per cent, the Lithuanian and German with 16.7 per cent and 11.9 per cent, respectively, being the only other races showing as high as 10 per cent.

CHAPTER III.

ECONOMIC STATUS.

Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied-Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United States-General occupation of males at the present time in the households studied-General occupation of women at the present time in the households studied-Weekly earnings-Relation between period of residence and earning ability-Annual earnings of male heads of families studied-Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied-Annual earnings of females 18 years of age or over in the households studied-Annual family income-Wives at work-Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives of keeping boarders or lodgers— Sources of family income-Relative importance of different sources of family income-[Text Tables 15 to 35 and General Tables 6 to 18].

INDUSTRIAL CONDITION ABROAD OF MEMBERS OF IMMIGRANT

HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

Preliminary to the discussion of the economic status of the employees of the sugar-refining industry in this country, the industrial condition and principal occupations of foreign-born workers and members of their households while abroad are set forth. The first table submitted in this connection shows, by race of individual, the industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreignborn females in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over at the time of their arrival in this country.

TABLE 15.-Industrial condition before coming to the United States, of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

The table shows that of the 207 foreign-born females for whom information was obtained in this industry, 49.8 per cent were without occupation, 25.6 per cent worked for wages, 23.7 per cent without wages, and 1 per cent worked for profit before coming to the United States. The Poles show a considerably larger proportion than do the Lithuanians without occupation and a correspondingly lower proportion than the Lithuanians working for wages.