slightly over 1 per cent earning $2.50 or over per day as contrasted with no employees of Irish parentage earning this amount. Of the foreign-born employees, the Cubans show the highest percentage earning $1 or over and $1.25 or over per day and the South Italian employees the lowest percentage earning these amounts. The Spanish employees show the highest percentage and the South Italians the lowest percentage earning $1.50 or over, $1.75 or over, $2 or over, and $2.50 or over per day. Of the employees who are native-born of foreign father, those whose fathers were born in Ireland show average earnings per day of $1.16 as contrasted with $1.11 which is the average daily earning of the employees whose fathers were born in Germany. Of the foreign-born employees, the Spanish show average earnings per day of $2.67 as contrasted with $1.63, which is the average daily earning of the Cuban employees and $1.45 which is the average daily earning of the South Italian employees.

In the following table the percentage of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per day is shown according to general nativity and race:

TABLE 24.—Per cent of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

*

[This table includes only races with 40 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

The above table shows that of 3,604 female employees reporting 41.7 per cent earn $1 or over per day, 16.2 per cent earn $1.25 or over, 7 per cent earn $1.50 or over, and 2.2 per cent earn $1.75 or over per day. The average daily earning for all female employees reporting is 92 cents. The female employees of foreign birth show the highest percentage earning each specified amount per day, followed by the native whites born of native father, the female employees who are native-born of foreign father and those who are native negroes

born of native father, in the order named. The foreign-born female employees show average daily earnings of $1.05, as contrasted with 94 cents, which is the average daily earning of those who are nativeborn of foreign father; 92 cents, which is the average daily earning of the native whites born of native father; and 60 cents, which is the average daily earning of the negro female employees who are nativeborn of native father. Of the female employees who are nativeborn of foreign father those whose fathers were born in AustriaHungary show the highest percentage earning each specified amount per day. The female employees whose fathers were born in Russia show the smallest percentage earning $1 or over, those whose fathers were born in Ireland the smallest percentage earning $1.25 or over per day and $1.50 or over per day, while those whose fathers were born in Germany show the smallest percentage earning $1.75 or over per day. The average earnings per day of the female employees who are native-born of foreign father range from 90 cents, which is the average daily earnings of the employees whose fathers were born in Russia, to 99 cents, which is the average earning per day of the employees whose fathers were born in Italy. Of the foreign-born employees the Cubans show the highest percentage and the Magyars the lowest percentage earning $1 or over per day. The South Italians show the highest percentage earning $1.25 or over, $1.50 or over, and $1.75 or over per day. The Polish employees show the smallest percentage earning $1.25 or over, the North Italians the smallest percentage earning $1.50 or over, while no employees who are of the two races mentioned earn $1.75 or over per day. The South Italian employees show average earnings per day of $1.24, the Cuban employees average earnings per day of $1.16, and the Polish employees average earnings per day of $1 as contrasted with the average earnings of the North Italian, which is 90 cents, and the average earnings per day of the Magyar, which is 86 cents.

The average earnings per diem of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age engaged in the manufacture of cigars and tobacco are shown in the table next presented by locality and by general nativity and race.

TABLE 25.-Average earnings per day of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age engaged in the manufacture of cigars and tobacco, by locality and by general nativity and race.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more females reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races.]

This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

• Not computed, owing to small number involved.

The average earnings of the total number of females 14 and under 18 years of age, engaged in the manufacture of cigars and tobacco, is $0.92 per day, the foreign-born showing an average earning of $1.05, the native-born of foreign father an average of $0.94, and the nativeborn of native father an average earning of $0.92. Of the total number employed in each locality, the average earnings of those in the Middle West is $1.05 a day, as compared with an average of $0.95 for those in the East and an average of $0.87 for those in the South. The average earnings of the native-born, of either native or foreign father, is higher in the Middle West than in either the East or South, while the average earnings of the foreign-born is higher in the South than in either the East or Middle West. The foreign-born show higher average earnings in the South than any other nativity group in any given locality.

RELATION BETWEEN PERIOD OF RESIDENCE AND EARNING ABILITY.

The extent to which the industrial efficiency or earning capacity of the employees of foreign birth increases after designated periods of residence in this country is indicated by the next series of tables. The first table presented, which immediately follows, shows, by race and length of residence in the United States, the per cent of foreignborn male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day. By grouping the proportions in each period of residence under the several races a study is possible of the progress in earning ability made by the foreign-born male employees of each race. TABLE 26.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by race and length of residence in the United States.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more males reporting.]

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

In the preceding table the first race studied, the Cuban, shows somewhat higher proportions of those having a period of residence of from five to nine years in the United States earning each specified amount per day up to and including $2. But slight difference in proportions is shown by those of the other two residence periods up to the above amount, while a larger proportion of those who have been in the United States under five years earn $2.50 per day and a smaller proportion of the 10 years or over group earn this amount. Only a slight difference exists in the proportions shown by those in each residence group earning $3 or over and $3.50 or over per day. Among the Germans larger proportions of those who have been in the United States from five to nine years earn each specified amount per day up to and including $2.50 or over than do those who have been here under five years or ten years or over. But considerably larger proportions of the last-named group than of those who have been in the United States under five years earn each specified amount. All of those earning $3 or over have been in the United States five years or over and all of those earning $3.50 per day or over have been in the United States ten years or more.

Generally speaking, the Greek, South Italian, and Polish races show larger proportions in the older residence groups earning each specified amount. None of the Polish and but a small proportion of the Greeks earn as high as $3 per day. As regards the Spanish, but slight difference exists between the proportions earning each specified amount in the two older periods of residence, but those in the five to nine year period show slightly larger proportions earning each amount up to $2.50 per day.

The following table presents the same data as the one preceding, but in a different form:

TABLE 27.-Comparative earnings per day of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over, by race and length of residence in the United States.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

(By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more males reporting.]

IN UNITED STATES LESS THAN 5 YEARS.

This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

TABLE 27.-Comparative earnings per day of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over, by race and length of residence in the United States-Continued.

The preceding table shows that the earning ability of the Cubans, Germans, South Italians, and Spaniards is greater than that of the Greeks or Poles, as regards those with each specified period of residence in the United States, the Cubans and Spaniards standing slightly above the Germans or South Italians. This fact is emphasized by the proportion of each race earning $2.50 or over per day. No Poles, and less than 1 per cent of the Greeks, with a period of residence of less than five years, earn $2.50 or over per day, while the Cubans and Spaniards show over 40 per cent. Less than 5 per cent of Poles and only 2.3 per cent of the Greeks who have been in the United States five years or over, as compared with over 20 per cent of the Cubans and Spaniards with an equal period of residence, earn $3 or over per day.

In the table next submitted the percentage of foreign-born female employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day is shown according to race and length of residence in the United States. As in the case of the males, this table makes possible a study of the progress in earning ability made by the foreign-born female employees of each race, by grouping under the several races the proportion in each period of residence.