TABLE 31.-Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

wages

a Not computed, owing to small number involved.

The yearly earnings of males 18 years of age or over working for for whom information was secured average $575 a year. It will be noted that the average yearly earnings are highest for the native-born of native father, second highest for the foreign-born, and lowest for the native-born of foreign father. Of the foreign-born, the Swedes have the largest and the Lithuanians the smallest average yearly earnings. The proportion of individuals earning under $200, under $400, under $600, and under $1,000, respectively, is considerably smaller for the native-born of native father than for either the foreign-born or the native-born of foreign father, and is smaller for the Swedes than for the individuals of any other foreign race.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF FEMALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The contributions of the females 18 years of age or over in the households studied to the family income may be seen from the following table. This table shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the number of females 18 years of age or over working for wages and the average wages earned.

TABLE 32.-Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

The yearly earnings of females 18 years of age or over working for wages for whom information was secured average $311. It will be noted that the foreign-born earn more upon the average than do the native-born of foreign father, and that of the latter the second generation of Swedes earn more than the second generation of Dutch.

ANNUAL FAMILY INCOME.

The annual income of families the heads of which were employed in the furniture-manufacturing industry, together with the several sources of family income and their relative importance, is indicated by the series of tables next presented. The first table submitted in this connection, which follows, shows by general nativity and race of head of family the average amount and range in amount of yearly income among the families studied:

TABLE 33.-Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Per cent of families having a total income

General nativity and race of head of family.

Number
of
selected
families.a

Almost all of the families studied have a yearly income of under $1,500, 81.4 per cent have a yearly income of under $1,000, 56.2 per cent have a yearly income of under $750, and 16.7 per cent have a yearly income of under $500. The average yearly income of all families is $769. It will be noted that the average yearly income is larger in the case of the families of native-born of native father than in the case of the families of native-born of foreign father and slightly larger in the case of the latter than in that of the foreign-born families. Of the foreign-born the Swedes have by far the largest and the Poles the smallest family income.

WIVES AT WORK.

The disposition of wives to engage in occupations outside of the home in order to supplement the earnings of their husbands is indicated by the following table. This table shows the proportion of wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family:

TABLE 34.-Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family.

In the families for which information was secured only 2.2 per cent of the wives are at work. The proportion of wives at work is slightly larger for the native-born of native father than for the foreign-born, and much larger for the Swedes than for the individuals of any other foreign race.

RELATION BETWEEN THE EARNINGS OF HUSBANDS AND THE PRAC TICE OF WIVES OF KEEPING BOARDERS OR LODGERS.

It has been seen that only a very small proportion of the wives in the families studied were regularly employed for wages outside of the home. On the other hand, a considerable proportion of the wives supplemented the earnings of the heads by keeping boarders or lodgers. The extent to which this was done is indicated by the table following, which shows, by yearly earnings of husbands, and by general nativity and race of head of family, the per cent of families ni which the wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers.

TABLE 35.-Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.

a For selection of families, see p. 546. Of the selected families only those which have both husband and wife present appear in this table.

TABLE 36.-Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. For selection of families see p. 546. Of the selected families only those which have both husband and wife present appear in this table.]

The above table shows that the wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers in 19.1 per cent of all the families studied, and that the proportion of wives employed or keeping boarders or lodgers is higher among the native-born of native father than among the

foreign-born and much higher among the latter than among the native-born of foreign father. Neither in the case of the native-born nor of the foreign-born does the income of husband appear to make great difference in the proportion of wives employed or keeping boarders or lodgers. It will be noted, however, that in the case of the Dutch the proportion of wives employed or keeping boarders or lodgers is much larger when the income is under $400 than when it is between $400 and $600 and slightly larger than when it is $600 or over. However, the proportion of Dutch wives employed or keeping boarders or lodgers is very small.

SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.

The sources of family income are indicated in detail by the table next presented. This table shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the percentage of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other

sources:

TABLE 37.—Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.

Of the families studied, over 99 per cent had an income within the year from the earnings of husband, 31.9 per cent had an income from contributions of children, 16.7 per cent had an income from payments of boarders or lodgers, only a very small proportion had an income from the earnings of wife, and 15.8 per cent had an income from sources not specified. It will be noted that the proportion of families receiving an income from the contributions of children is larger for the foreign-born than for the native-born of native father and much larger for the latter than for the native-born of foreign father. Upon the other hand, the native-born of native father report the largest and the native-born of foreign father the smallest proportion of families which receive an income from payments of boarders or lodgers. Of the foreign-born, the Dutch and Swedes have a much