TABLE 16.-Race of employees for whom information was secured, by locality and by sex; per cent distribution-Continued.

The preceding table shows that 32.6 per cent of the employees in the cigar and tobacco industry for whom information was secured are of foreign birth, 15.5 per cent of the employees are native-born of foreign father, 31.4 per cent are native whites born of native father, and 20.6 per cent of the employees are negroes who are native-born of native father. In the East the employees of foreign birth show 39.8 per cent, the employees who are native-born of foreign father and those who are native whites born of native father following in considerably smaller proportions, while the negro employees who are native-born of native father show only 0.4 per cent in the East. In the Middle West the greatest proportion of employees, or 42.1 per cent, are native whites born of native father; the employees who are native-born of foreign father and the foreign-born employees follow in considerably smaller proportions, while only 5.4 per cent of the total number of employees in this locality for whom information was secured are native negroes born of native father. In the South the foreign-born employees, the native whites born of native father, and the negroes native-born of native father, in the order mentioned, show slightly over 30 per cent, while the employees who are native-born of foreign father exhibit only 7.2 per cent of the total number for whom information was secured. Of the employees native-born of foreign father the Irish show the highest percentage in the East and the second highest percentage in the Middle West and also in the total figures for the whole of the cigar and tobacco industry. In the Middle West and in the South the employees whose fathers were born in Germany show the highest percentage. In the East the employees whose fathers were born in Germany show the rank next in percentage to the employees of Irish parentage and report the highest percentage in the total figures for the whole industry.

Of the foreign-born employees, the Magyars show the highest percentage in the East. In the Middle West the Poles report the highest, while the largest proportion, or 14.9 per cent, of the total number of foreign-born employees in the South are Cubans. In the East 56.8 per cent of the employees and 40.1 per cent of the male employees in the South for whom information was secured are of foreign birth, while only 17.5 per cent of the employees in the Middle West for whom information was secured are of foreign birth. In the East 22.2 per cent of the male employees are native-born of foreign father and slightly less than 20 per cent are native whites born of native father; the male negro employees in this locality exhibit only 1.5 per cent of the total number for whom information was secured. In the South 28.2 per cent of the male employees are native negroes born of native father and 25.5 per cent are native whites born of native father, while only 6.2 per cent of the male employees in this locality for whom information was secured are native-born of foreign father. In the Middle West the male employees who are native whites born of native father show the greatest proportion, which is 46.9 per cent; the male employees who are native-born of foreign father show only 24.9 per cent, the foreign-born male employees only 17.5 per cent, and the negro employees who are native-born of native father 10.8 per cent of the total number of male employees in this locality for whom information was secured. Of the male employees native-born of foreign father, the Irish show the highest percentage in the East and

the Germans the highest percentage in the Middle West, the South, and in the total for the whole industry.

Of the foreign-born male employees, the Greeks show the highest percentage in the East and the Germans the highest in the Middle West, while the Cubans and Spanish show the highest percentage in the South and in the total for the whole industry. Of the female employees in the cigar and tobacco industry, those who are nativeborn of foreign father show the greatest proportion in the East, followed by the female foreign-born employees and by the native whites born of native father, in the order mentioned. In the Middle West the white female employees native-born of native father show the highest percentage, followed by those of foreign birth and those who are native-born of foreign father in smaller proportions, while only 0.1 per cent of the total number of female employees for whom information was secured in this locality are negroes. In the South the greatest proportion of the female employees, or 39.4 per cent, are native whites born of native father; the female employees who are native negroes born of native father follow with 33.6 per cent, while the foreign-born and the native-born of foreign father show 18.1 per cent and 9 per cent, respectively. In the total cigar and tobacco. industry the greatest proportion of female employees for whom information was secured are the native whites born of native father, the foreign-born, the native-born of foreign father, and the native negroes born of native father following in the order named. Of the female employees who are native-born of foreign father the Irish show the highest percentage in the East, and the Germans the highest percentage in the Middle West, in the South, and in the total for the whole industry. Of the foreign-born female employees, the Magyars show the highest percentage in the East, the Polish female employees the highest percentage in the Middle West, and the South Italian female employees the highest percentage in the South and in the total for the whole industry.

CHAPTER III.

ECONOMIC STATUS.

Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United StatesDaily earnings-Relation between period of residence and earning ability-[Text Tables 17 to 29 and General Tables 3 to 8].

PRINCIPAL OCCUPATION OF IMMIGRANT EMPLOYEES BEFORE COMING TO THE UNITED STATES."

Before entering into a discussion of the economic status in this country of employees of the cigar and tobacco manufacturing industry, the principal occupation of foreign-born employees while abroad is set forth. The first table submitted in this connection shows, by race, the percentage of foreign-born male employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States:

TABLE 17.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Of 5,089 foreign-born male employees for whom information was secured, 55.3 per cent were engaged in the manufacture of cigars and tobacco before coming to the United States, 1.8 per cent were engaged in other manufacturing, 23.3 per cent were engaged in farming or were farm laborers, 2.8 per cent were general laborers, 6.2 per cent were in hand trades, 6.3 per cent were in trades, and 4.2 per cent were engaged in other occupations. Of the Cuban employees, 87.3 per cent were engaged in the manufacture of cigars and tobacco before coming to the United States, 49.8 per cent of the Spanish and 21.9 per cent of the South Italian employees had previous experience in this industry, as contrasted with less than 3 per cent of the Greeks, less than 2 per cent of the Germans, and none of the Polish employees who were engaged in the manufacture of cigars and tobacco before coming to this country. The German employees show the highest

per cent who were engaged in other manufacturing, the Poles the highest per cent who were farming or farm laborers, the Greeks the highest per cent who were general laborers or who were in trade, and the South Italians the highest per cent who were in hand trades or other occupations before coming to the United States.

Of the total number of foreign-born males employed in the cigar and tobacco manufacturing industry, 55.3 per cent were so engaged before coming to the United States. This proportion is composed almost entirely of those who are employed in the South. The Greeks are the only race reporting 80 or more in 2 or more localities. In the East 3.1 per cent and in the Middle West 1 per cent were engaged in the cigar and tobacco manufacturing industry before coming to the United States.

The following table shows, by race, the percentage of foreign-born female employees engaged in each specified occupation before coming to the United States:

TABLE 18.-Per cent of foreign-born female employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

The preceding table shows that of 1,028 female employees 29.2 per cent were engaged in the manufacture of cigars and tobacco before coming to the United States, 2. 6 per cent were in other manufacturing, 51.6 per cent were engaged in farming or were farm laborers, 9.3 per cent were in domestic service, 4.8 per cent were engaged in sewing, embroidering, and lace making, 1.7 per cent were in trades, and 0.9 per cent followed other occupations before coming to this country. The Cuban female employees show 87.5 per cent who were engaged in the manufacture of cigars and tobacco before coming to this country, the South Italian employees follow with 61.8 per cent, while no Polish female employees had any experience in this industry before coming to the United States. The South Italian female employees show the highest percentage who were employed in other manufacturing, in domestic service, in sewing, embroidering, lace making, and in trade. The Polish female employees show 92.9 per cent who were farming or farm laborers as contrasted with only 7.3 per cent of the South Italian female employees, and none of the Cuban female employees who were thus engaged before coming to the United States. The Polish female employees show 0.5 per cent who were engaged in other occupations prior to