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TABLE 192.-Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex, years in the United States, and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 200 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all nonEnglish-speaking races.]

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Of 7,200 employees for whom information was secured, 7.8 per cent of those who have been in the United States under five years speak English, while 14.6 per cent of those with a residence of from five to nine years and 38.6 per cent of those who have been in this country ten years or over can speak English. Of the total number, irrespective of length of residence, 18.2 per cent are able to speak English. Among employees who have been in the United States less than five years, the Spanish show the highest percentage who can speak English, this race also showing the highest percentage having ability to speak English in the groups including those with a residence of from five to nine years and ten years or over. In the totals, irrespective of length of residence, the Cubans show the highest percentage who can speak English. In each group showing length of residence the male employees show a higher percentage who can speak English than the female employees.

THE ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY.

The tendency to save and acquire property is very slight among the Cuban cigar makers. They spend lavishly for food and clothes. Complaint is made, and not without reason, that fruit and other luxuries are kept at unreasonable prices because of the reckless disregard of cost on the part of the average Cuban housewife. In the point of economy and ability to save, there is no comparison between the race and the Italians. The Cuban cigar maker who can boast of a bank account is a rare exception.

CRIMINALITY.

Serious crime is practically unknown among the Cubans. The colony as a whole seems to have a wholesome respect for the law. The police-court records for the year 1908-9 show that of the total number of males arrested only 4.21 per cent were Cubans. Of the total number of females arrested, 0.43 per cent were Cubans. While the tendency to acquire property is common among the few married men, it is very slight throughout the Spanish colony as a whole. The Casino furnishes a safe outlet for the surplus energy of the Spaniards, as the records of the police court of the city will show. For the twelve months beginning with June of 1908 only 0.91 per cent of the total number of arrests in Tampa were Spaniards. During the months of September and March of the same year no arrests of Spaniards are reported. The maximum was reached in July, when a total of 11 Spaniards were haled before the court. Gambling and fighting were the most common offenses, 11 of the first and 5 of the second being the record for the whole year. Serious crimes are rarely committed in the Spanish colony. Only one case, that of breaking and stealing, during the year 1908 merited the attention of the State.

The Italian cigar makers are not content until they own their homes. The custom of sending money to Italy for safe-keeping is rapidly disappearing as members of the race become directors and officials of banks. The standard of living among the Italians, which is far below that of the other two principal immigrant races in Tampa, makes it possible for them to acquire property in a relatively short time. The strictest economy is practiced in the purchase of food and clothing. The first is never excessive in quantity, and falls at times in quality to the point of loathsomeness. As soon as the Italians master the requirements of cigar making they invariably send for their families and friends, who are in turn taught the trade at home. When the latter are able to make cigars, employment is secured for them in the factories. Those who are either too old or too young to work in the factories are made in some manner to contribute to the family fund. The old men make cigars at home and sell them for what they will bring. The old women take care of the children during the hours the parents are at work. For this they receive from 25 to 50 cents a week for each child. Children of 6, 7, and 8 years are taught the trade, and the product of their labor is added to the family fund. The moment enough money is saved, the home is purchased. Often there are other houses to be bought, farms to be acquired, or stores and fruit stands to be opened, and the saving process begins over again. Everything is subordinated to the end in view. The education of children is almost altogether neglected. While it is true that schools are very inadequate, it is doubtful whether the Italians would take advantage of even the most liberal equipment. When girls and boys are earning in many instances between $20 and $25 per week, it is not surprising that parents would rather have their children learn so lucrative an occupation at an early age than have them lose precious time by going to school.

GENERAL TABLES.

L-GENERAL SURVEY: TABLES 1-16.

II. CIGAR AND TOBACCO MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN THE EAST: TABLES 17-32.

III.-CIGAR AND TOBACCO MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN THE MIDDLE WEST: TABLES 33-48.

IV.-CIGAR AND TOBACCO MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN THE SOUTH: TABLES 49–64.

V.-CIGAR AND TOBACCO MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN TAMPA, FLA.: TABLES 65-117.

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GENERAL EXPLANATION OF TABLES.

Persons of native birth have been divided into two general groups and further subdivided under each of the two, as follows:

1. Native-born of native father.

Persons under this group are classified as White, Negro, Indian, Chinese, Hindu, Japanese, and Korean.

2. Native-born of foreign father.

Persons under this group are classified according to race of father in all tables where the data were secured for households, and according to country of birth of father in all tables where the data were secured for employees. Where classification is by race of father the classification used for several years by the United States Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization is followed.

Persons of foreign birth are classified according to race (or people). The classification of the United States Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization is followed.

In the study of households information is presented

1. By general nativity and race of the "individual" in all tables which show facts which are personal in their nature, such as English speaking, occupation, or conjugal condition.

2. By general nativity and race of "head of family” in tables concerned with family matters-for example, family income.

3. By general nativity and race of "head of household" in all tables dealing with living conditions, among which are tables showing the composition of the household and the number of persons per room and per sleeping room. The distinction which has been made throughout this study between "family" and "household" is dependent upon the use of the term "apartment."

An "apartment" is a room or rooms within which all the usual daily processes of living, namely, cooking, eating, and sleeping, are carried on by the occupants. According to this definition an apartment may be, for example, a whole house; or it may be a single room of what was originally intended as an apartment; or it may be a corner of a wareroom or the back of a storeroom partitioned off and set aside for household uses. Two or more groups of occupants with distinctly separate money interests frequently rent a number of rooms jointly, occupying certain rooms separately but sharing one or more, usually the kitchen, or kitchen and living room. Under these conditions neither the rooms used by the one group of occupants nor those used by the other can be considered an apartment, since the room used in common must in such case be considered a room in each apartment, and thus be counted twice. Where these conditions have been encountered, the entire number of rooms has been considered one apartment.

The "household" includes all persons living within an apartment without regard to the relationships which exist among them. The

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