The foregoing table shows that of the 122 foreign-born households studied in this industry none pay under $1 rent per month per room, 43.4 per cent pay under $2, and 90.2 per cent under $3, while the entire 100 per cent pay less than $4 rent per month per room. Among the foreign-born the proportion of Cuban households paying under $2 rent per month per room is extremely low and the proportion of South Italian households paying that amount is very high as compared with the proportion of Spanish households; while of these same households paying under $3 rent per month per room the South Italians report 100 per cent, a proportion slightly in excess of that shown by the Spanish, and considerably in excess of that shown by the Cuban households.

The per capita rent payment is set forth in the following table, which shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the percentage of households paying each specified rent per month per person:

TABLE 161.-Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by general nativity and race of head of household.

From the above table it will be seen that of the 122 foreign-born households studied none pay under $1 rent per month per person, 27 per cent pay under $2, 64.8 per cent pay under $3, and only 8.2 per cent over $4 rent per month per person. The proportion of South Italian households paying under each specified amount is in excess of the proportion reported for the Cuban and Spanish households. As between the Spanish and Cuban households, it will be seen that a slightly larger proportion of the former than the latter pay under $2 and under $4 rent per month per person, while a slightly larger proportion of the latter than the former report under $3.

BOARDERS AND LODGERS.

The practice of the housewives in keeping boarders or lodgers in order to supplement the earnings of their husbands has already been shown. In the present connection the extent of the practice and its bearing upon living conditions are considered. The table which immediately follows shows, according to general nativity and race of head of household, the number and percentage of households keeping boarders or lodgers.

TABLE 162.-Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]

From the above table it will be seen that only 14.2 per cent of the foreign-born households studied in this industry keep boarders or lodgers. Among these households whose heads are foreign-born the Spanish report a slightly larger proportion keeping boarders or lodgers than do the South Italian, and a considerably larger proportion than do the Cuban households.

The next table presented shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the average number of boarders or lodgers per household. In this table the averages are based (1) on the total number of households, and (2) on the number of households keeping boarders or lodgers:

TABLE 163.—Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]

The average number of boarders or lodgers per household, based on the total number of households, is 0.22, while based on the number of households keeping boarders or lodgers the average is 1.56. Considering the average number of boarders or lodgers per household based on the total number of households, it will be seen that the Spanish report a very much higher average than do the South Italian or Cuban households, in the order named.

SIZE OF APARTMENTS OCCUPIED.

The range in the size of apartments occupied by the households studied is set forth in the table next presented. This table shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms. TABLE 164.-Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.

The table immediately preceding shows that none of the 127 foreignborn households studied in this industry occupy apartments of 1 or 2 rooms and only 1.6 per cent occupy apartments of 7 or more rooms, while 5.5 per cent occupy apartments of 3 rooms, 29.9 per cent apartments of 4 rooms, 43.3 per cent of 5 rooms, and 19.7 per cent apartments of 6 rooms. A very much larger proportion of Cuban than South Italian and Spanish households combined occupy apartments of 3 rooms, while of those occupying apartments of 4 rooms the South Italian, with 42.2 per cent, report a much larger proportion than do the Cuban or Spanish households. The Cuban, Spanish, and South Italian households occupying apartments of 5 rooms each report a proportion similar to that shown for the total, while of these same households occupying apartments of 6 rooms, the Spanish report a proportion considerably in excess of the Cuban and largely in excess of the South Italian households. None of the Cuban or South Italian, and only 5.1 per cent of the Spanish households occupy apartments of 7 or more rooms.

48296°-VOL 15-11-16

SIZE OF HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The range in the size of households is indicated by the table immediately following, which shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the percentage of households of each specified number of persons:

TABLE 165.-Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household.

From the table immediately preceding it will be seen that none of the foreign-born households studied in this industry have less than 2 persons, while the proportion of households having 7, 8, 9, and 10 or more persons constitute less than 15 per cent of all households studied. On the other hand, 60.6 per cent of the households have 2, 3, and 4 persons per household, the proportion having 3 persons per household being considerably larger than the proportion having 4 and much larger than the proportion having 2 persons. The combined proportion of those households having 5 and 6 persons per household is slightly less than the proportion having 3 persons. Comparing the South Italian, Cuban, and Spanish households, it will be seen that the South Italian report a larger proportion having 2, 3, and 4 persons than do the Cuban or Spanish households-the Spanish reporting a smaller proportion having 2 persons and a larger proportion having 4 persons than do the Cuban households. Among these same households having 5 and 6 persons per household the Spanish report a larger proportion having the first specified number of persons and a smaller proportion having the second specified number of persons than do the Cuban households, the South Italian households in each instance reporting the smallest proportion. The Spanish also report a larger proportion having either 7 or 8 persons than do the Cuban or South Italian households. None of the South Italian and only a small proportion of the Spanish and Cuban households have 10 or more persons per household.

CONGESTION.

The extent to which crowding prevails in the households of the employees of the cigar and tobacco manufacturing industry has been indicated in the preceding tables. In the following series of tables the degree of congestion and its effects upon living conditions are more directly set forth. The table first presented shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms.

TABLE 166.-Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms.

General nativity and race of head of household.

of

• Not computed, owing to small number involved.

It will be seen from the above table that no persons in the households studied occupy apartments of 1 or 2 rooms, while the average number of persons occupying apartments of 3 or 7 or more rooms is so small as not to admit of comparison. The average number of persons in apartments of 4 rooms is 3.61, while the average number persons occupying apartments of 5 rooms or 6 rooms is 4.24 and 5.96, respectively. In each specified number of rooms the Cuban households report a larger average occupying apartments of both 4 and 5 rooms than do the South Italian households. Because of the smallness of the number involved no computation has been made for Spanish households occupying apartments of 4 rooms or for Cuban or South Italian households occupying apartments of 6 rooms. The Spanish households, on the other hand, report an average of 5 persons in 5-room apartments and 5.27 persons in 6-room apartments. Without regard to any specified number of rooms, the average numpersons per apartment is 4.42-the Spanish households reporting a slightly higher average number of persons than the Cuban and a considerably higher average number of persons per apartment than the South Italian households.

ber of

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room:

TABLE 167.-Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

From the above table it will be noted that of the 127 foreign-born households studied the average number of persons per apartment is