ANNUAL FAMILY INCOME. The annual income of families the heads of which were employed in the manufacture of cigars and tobacco, together with the several sources of family income and their relative importance, are indicated by the series of tables next presented. The first table submitted in this connection, which immediately follows, shows by general nativity and race of head of family the percentage of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount: TABLE 149.-Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Information was obtained in this industry for 124 families, with average earnings of $970. Of this number the largest proportion, or 58.9 per cent, earn under $1,000, while 5.6 per cent earn $1,500 or over. Of the families studied almost the entire number were foreign-born, and the proportion earning under each specified amount is similar to that shown for all families. The highest average earnings among the families studied are shown by the Spaniards, these earnings exceeding those of the South Italians by $156 and those of the Cubans by $218. None of the South Italians or Spaniards and only a very small proportion of the Cubans earn under $300 per year. The Spaniards alone show a considerably smaller proportion earning under $750 and under $1,000 than do the South Italians and Cubans. With this exception, the proportion of each race earning under each specified amount is similar to the proportion shown in the total. WIVES AT WORK. The tendency on the part of wives to engage in occupations outside the home in order to supplement the earnings of their husbands is indicated in the following table. This table shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the proportion of wives at work. TABLE 150.-Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family. Of the 123 wives for whom information was obtained in this industry only 14.6 per cent are at work, with average earnings of $238. The comparison of the foreign-born wives with those nativeborn of foreign father is precluded, because of an insufficient number of the latter reporting, the foreign-born reporting 14.8 per cent at work with average earnings identical with those shown by the total. Among the foreign-born, the South Italians, with average earnings of $188, report a very much larger proportion at work than do the Cubans or Spaniards, in the order named, the last named reporting only a very small proportion, or 8.1 per cent. RELATION BETWEEN THE EARNINGS OF HUSBANDS AND THE PRACTICE OF WIVES OF KEEPING BOARDERS OR LODGERS. The following tables show, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family, the number and percentage of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers: TABLE 151.-Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family. • For selection of families, see p. 271. Of the selected families only those which have both husband and wife present appear in this table. This column includes 2 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none." * This column includes 1 family in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none." 48296°-VOL 15-11-15 TABLE 152.-Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. The families here represented are only those where both husband and wife are present. For selection of families, see p. 271.] a This column includes 1 family in which husband's earnings are reported as "none." Of the families studied in this industry, 27.7 per cent of wives have employment or keep boarders or lodgers. Where the husband's earnings are under $400 the percentage of wives with employment or who keep boarders or lodgers is 16.7. A very large increase on the part of the wives thus occupied is noted where the earnings of husband are between $400 and $600. Where the earnings of husband are $600 or over, the proportion of wives having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers falls slightly below the proportion shown in the total. Among the foreign-born families, it will be noted that none of the Cuban wives, where the husband's earnings are between $400 and $600, have employment or keep boarders or lodgers, while the proportion of South Italian wives so occupied amounts to 71.4 per cent. Where the earnings of husband are $600 or over, the proportion of South Italian, Cuban, or Spanish wives having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers varies little from the proportion shown by the total for all wives. SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME. The sources of family income are indicated in detail by the table next presented. The table shows, by general nativity and race of head of household studied, the percentage of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources. TABLE 153.-Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] The above table shows that only a very small proportion of families in this industry have no income from earnings of husband. Similar proportions have an income from earnings of wife and from the payments of boarders or lodgers, and only a very small proportion from sources other than specified. The proportion having an income from contributions of children, however, is only slightly below the proportions having income from wife and the payments of boarders or lodgers combined. As compared with the South Italians, it will be noted that a considerably smaller proportion of Cuban families and a very much smaller proportion of Spanish families have an income from the earnings of wives. Among those having an income from the payments of boarders or lodgers, the Spaniards show a proportion slightly larger than the South Italians, and considerably larger than the Cubans. No South Italian families and only 8.1 per cent of the Spanish, as compared with 11.6 per cent of the Cuban families, have an income from sources not specified in the above. table. From the two most prominent sources, the earnings of husband and contributions of children, it will be noted that the proportion of each race varies little from that shown by the total. In the table next presented also the sources of family income are shown in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family, but each source specified is exclusive of all other sources; that is, the proportion of families under each designated source have their entire income from that source. TABLE 154.-Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] From the above table it will be noted that 51.6 per cent of the families in this industry receive their entire income from the husband, 25 per cent from husband and wife and husband and children, 8.9 per cent from husband and boarders or lodgers, and 10.5 per cent from sources or combination of sources not mentioned in the above table, while the proportion of families having entire income from wife and from children amounts to 1.6 per cent in each instance. No families have entire income from wife and children, wife and boarders or lodgers, children and boarders or lodgers, or boarders or lodgers. The largest proportion of both Cuban and Spanish families receive their entire income from husband, while the largest proportion of South Italian families receive their entire income from some source or combination of sources other than the husband. Less than 3 per cent of the Spanish families and slightly over 20 per cent of the South Italian families receive their entire income from husband and wife-the proportion of Cuban families receiving their entire income from this source being slightly less than that shown in the total for all families. From husband and children, husband and boarders or lodgers, and from sources not specified in the above table the proportion of families of the several races having their entire income vary little from the proportion shown for all families for whom information was obtained. |