showing a higher daily earning capacity than employees of the other two races mentioned.

The following table shows, by race and length of residence in the United States, the percentage of foreign-born female employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, making possible, as in the case of the males, a study of the progress in their earning ability:

TABLE 143.-Per cent of foreign-born female employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by race and length of residence in the United States.*'

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more females reporting.]

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

It will be observed from the preceding table that the Cuban female employees who have been in the United States from five to nine years show a higher percentage of their number earning each specified amount per day than those who have been in the United States under five years, while those with a residence of under five years show a higher percentage earning each specified amount per day than female employees with a residence of ten years or over. The South Italian female employees who have been in the United States ten years or over show a higher percentage earning each specified amount than employees of the same race with a residence of from five to nine years, while employees of the same race who have been in this country for the specified time last mentioned show a higher daily earning capacity than those with a residence of less than five years.

In the following table, as in the one preceding, the same data are presented, but in a different form:

TABLE 144.-Comparative earnings per day of foreign-born female employees 18 years of age or over, by race and length of residence in the United States.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more females reporting.)

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

The table preceding shows that among the female employees with a residence in the United States of less than five years a greater proportion of the Cubans than of the South Italians earn each specified amount per day, while for the period of residence of from five to nine years the proportion of South Italians earning each specified amount has increased until it exceeds that shown by the Cubans. The increased proportion of the South Italians over the Cubans is still more marked among those having been in the United States ten years or over.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALE HEADS OF FAMILIES STUDIED.

The extent to which the heads of families studied were regularly employed, together with the average annual earnings, are set forth in the table next presented:

TABLE 145.-Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual.

Information was obtained in this industry for 120 husbands, of which number 98.3 per cent are at work, with average earnings of $821. The proportion of foreign-born husbands at work is identical with that shown by the total for all husbands; the average earnings, however, fall slightly below the average shown by the total. Because of an insufficient number of husbands native-born of foreign father reporting, no comparison is possible. Of the foreign-born husbands, both the Cubans and South Italians report their entire number at work as compared with 94.6 per cent of the Spaniards; the average earnings of the Spaniards, however, are considerably higher than the average earnings of either the Cubans or South Italians, the Spaniards reporting average earnings of $947.

The range in the yearly earnings of male heads of families is indicated in the following table, according to general nativity and race:

TABLE 146.-Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race of

individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see p. 271.]

The foregoing table shows the average earnings of 118 male heads of families to be $821. It also shows that 53.4 per cent earn under $800, 16.1 per cent under $600, and 22 per cent $1,000 or over. As regards the foreign-born, it will be noted that the Spaniards, with average earnings of $947, show much larger average earnings than do the Cubans or South Italians, the earnings of the last-named amounting to only $747. With the exception of a slightly smaller proportion of South Italians earning under $400 and a slightly larger proportion earning under $1,000 than the Cubans, there is little difference as between the Cubans and South Italians earning under each specified amount. The Spaniards, on the other hand, with the exception of those earning under $400, show a much smaller proportion earning under each specified amount. In other words, 42.9 per cent of the Spaniards, as compared with 17.5 per cent of the Cubans and 7.1 per cent of the South Italians, earn $1,000 or over.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the yearly earnings of males 18 years of age or over, in the households studied, working for wages.

TABLE 147.— Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

Number

working

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

Number earning

Per cent earning

for wages Average

and re- earnings. Under Under Under Under Under Under Under Under $200. $400. $600. $1,000. $200. $400. $600. $1,000.

porting

amount.

Information was obtained in this industry for 160 males with average earnings of $813. By far the largest number studied are foreign-born, with earnings slightly above those shown in the total. Of the foreign-born the Spaniards show earnings largely in excess of those shown in the total, while the Cubans and South Italians each show lower average earnings. Only a very small proportion of these males, it will be noted, earn under $600 a year, while 80 per cent earn under $1,000; the foreign-born showing a slightly smaller proportion earning under $600 and a slightly larger proportion earn

ing under $1,000. No Cubans or Spaniards earn under $200 a year and only a very small proportion of South Italians earn under that amount. On the other hand, the South Italians, with 23.3 per cent, show a slightly larger proportion than the Cubans and a much larger proportion than the Spaniards earning under $600. The Spaniards, it will be seen, show a much larger proportion than do the Cubans or South Italians earning over $1,000.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF FEMALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

In the following table the yearly earnings of females 18 years of age or over in the households studied are shown according to general nativity and race of individual, the numbers of each race being too small for a computation of percentages:

TABLE 148.- Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

Information was obtained in this industry for 27 females, with average earnings of $274. Of this number 26, with average earnings of $276, are foreign-born. Among the foreign-born, it will be noted that the average earnings of the Cubans are greater by $165 than those of the South Italians. Only a small proportion, or 14.8 per cent, of all females working for wages in this industry earn over $500. Very nearly 75 per cent earn under $300, while 29.6 per cent earn under $200 per year. In only one instance does the proportion of foreign-born earning under each specified amount exceed the proportion shown in the total, this difference being noted among those earning under $200.