TABLE 138.-Per cent of female employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [This table includes only races with 80 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] *This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. Of 1,424 female employees 18 years of age or over who reported, 80.1 per cent earn $1 or over per day, 46.2 per cent earn $1.25 or over, 39.3 per cent earn $1.50 or over, 26.8 per cent earn $1.75 or over, 25 per cent earn $2 or over, and 7.8 per cent earn $2.50 or over per day. The female employees who are native whites born of native father show a considerably higher percentage earning each specified amount per day than do the female employees of foreign birth. The Spanish female employees show a higher percentage earning each specified amount up to $2 or over per day than do the South Italian or the Cuban female employees, who follow in the order mentioned. The South Italian females show the highest percentage earning $2 or over per day, closely followed by the Spanish, while the Cuban female employees exhibit a considerably smaller per cent earning this amount. The percentage of the Spanish female employees earning $2.50 per day or over is very much higher than that of the Cuban and the South Italian female employees, the latter showing only 3.9 per cent earning this amount. In the table next presented the percentage of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per day is shown by general nativity and race. TABLE 139.-Per cent of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race.* (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shut downs or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. The preceding table shows that of 353 male employees 14 and under 18 years of age 91.5 per cent earn $1 or over, 74.5 per cent $1.25 or over, 67.7 per cent $1.50 or over, 45.9 per cent $1.75 or over, 40.8 per cent $2 or over, and 10.5 per cent $2.50 or over per day. The male employees who are native-born of foreign father show the highest percentage earning $1 or over, $1.25 or over, and $1.50 or over per day, the male employees who are of foreign birth following in somewhat smaller proportions. The employees of foreign birth show a slightly higher percentage than do the native-born of foreign father earning $1.75 or over and $2 or over per day, while the employees who are native-born of foreign father show a considerably higher percentage earning $2.50 or over per day than do those of foreign birth. Of the foreign-born employees, the Spanish show the highest percentage earning $1 or over per day, $1.75 or over, $2 or over, and $2.50 or over. The South Italian male employees show the highest percentage earning $1.25 or over or $1.50 or over per day. The South Italian male employees show the lowest percentage earning $1 or over and the Spanish employees the lowest percentage earning $1.25 or over per day. The Cuban employees show the lowest percentage earning $1.50 or over, while the South Italian employees show the lowest percentage earning $1.75 or over, $2 or over, and $2.50 or over per day. In the next table the percentage of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per day is shown, according to general nativity and race. TABLE 140.—Per cent of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race.* (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [This table includes only races with 40 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races] *This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. The preceding table shows that of 272 female employees 14 and under 18 years of age 86.4 per cent earn $1 or over per day, 43 per cent earn $1.25 or over, 34.9 per cent earn $1.50 or over, and 18.4 per cent earn $1.75 or over per day. The female employees who are native whites born of native father show a slightly higher percentage earning $1 or over per day than do the females of foreign birth. The native females born of native father show a very much higher percentage earning $1.25 or over per day and a slightly higher percentage earning $1.50 or over per day than do the female employees of foreign birth. The foreign-born female employees, however, show 22.3 per cent earning $1.75 or over per day, as contrasted with only 4.9 per cent of the female employees who are native whites born of native father earning this amount. The South Italian female employees show a considerably larger proportion earning $1.25 or over, $1.50 or over, and $1.75 or over per day than do the female Cuban employees. However, the female Cuban employees show a slightly higher per cent earning $1 or over per day than do the female South Italian employees. RELATION BETWEEN PERIOD OF RESIDENCE AND EARNING ABILITY. The following series of tabulations exhibit the extent to which the industrial efficiency or earning capacity of foreign-born employees increases after designated periods of residence in this country. The table first presented shows, by race and length of residence in the United States, the percentage of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day. By grouping under the several races the proportions in each period of residence a study is made possible of the progress in their earning ability. TABLE 141.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by race and length of residence in the United States. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more males reporting.] * This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. The preceding table shows that the Cuban male employees who have been in the United States from five to nine years show a higher percentage, earning $1 or over, $1.25 or over, $1.50 or over, $1.75 or over, and $2 or over per day than employees of the same race who have been in the United States less than five years and ten years or over. On the other hand, the Cuban employees with a residence in this country of under five years show a higher percentage earning $2.50 or over and $3 or over per day than those who have been in the United States. from five to nine years and ten years or over. The employees of this race show a slight increase in each period earning $3.50 or over per day over each preceding period. The South Italian employees show a slightly higher percentage of those with a residence of under five years earning $3.50 or over per day than of employees of the same race with a residence of from five to nine years earning the above amount. However, the South Italian employees who have been in the United States ten years or over show a considerably higher per centage, earning $3.50 or over per day than those with a residence of under five or from five to nine years. The employees of this race show an increase in the percentage of those earning $3 or over per day as the length of residence increases. It will be further observed that a slightly smaller percentage of the employees of this race who have been in the United States ten years or over earn $2 or over per day than of those who have been in this country from five to nine years. The Spanish male employees show a general increase in the percentage earning $2.50 or over, $3 or over, and $3.50 or over per day for each specified period of residence, those with a residence of from five to nine years showing a higher percentage earning each amount named above than employees with a residence of less than five years, and those who have been in the United States ten years or over show a higher percentage earning each amount than employees of this race with a residence of from five to nine years. In the following table, as in the one immediately preceding, the same data are presented, but in a different form. TABLE 142.-Comparative earnings per day of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over, by race and length of residence in the United States.* (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more males reporting.] IN UNITED STATES LESS THAN 5 YEARS. *This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. The preceding table shows that in most instances the earning capacity of the individual increases with length of residence. The Spanish employees show a greater increase in earning capacity of any of the employees of the races specified in the table, 21.5 per cent of the Spanish employees who have been in the United States ten years or over earning $3.50 or over per day as contrasted with 18 per cent of those with a residence of from five to nine years and 11.1 per cent of those with a residence of under five years earning this amount. The Cuban employees who have been in the United States less than five years show 6 per cent and the South Italian employees with this period of residence only 0.9 per cent of their number earning $3.50 or over per day. The Cubans who have been in the United States from five to nine years show only 6.5 per cent, and the South Italian employees with the same period of residence only 0.4 per cent earning the above amount. The Cuban employees who have been in the United States ten years or over show only 6.9 per cent earning $3.50 or over, and the South Italians with the same period of residence show only 3.2 per cent earning this amount. From the above comparison it will be observed that the Spanish employees show a greater increase in the percentage earning the above specified amount than either the Cubans or the South Italians. A further study of the table of the higher specified amounts per day shows the same tendency as that noted above, the Spanish employees generally |