HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

In addition to descriptive and historical data, an intensive study was made of 127 households whose heads were engaged in the cigar industry. The following table shows the households studied, by general nativity and race of head of household:

TABLE 121.-Households studied, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

Of the 127 households studied in this industry the heads of which are foreign-born, it will be seen that little difference exists in the number of South Italian, Cuban, or Spanish households studied. The South Italians constitute the largest proportion, or 35.4 per cent, while the Spanish households constitute the lowest proportion, or per cent of the total number of households.

MEMBERS OF HOUSEHOLDS FOR WHOM DETAILED INFORMATION WAS SECURED.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed information was secured:

TABLE 122.-Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household.

Of the 561 persons in the 127 households studied in this industry. it will be seen that those in households whose heads are Cubans constitute a slightly larger proportion of the total number of persons than do those in households the heads of which are Spaniards or

South Italians. It will also be seen that detailed information was secured for all persons in the above households.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured in the households studied:

TABLE 123.—Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household.

From the above table it will be noted that of the 561 persons in foreign-born households for whom detailed information was secured 51.3 per cent are males and 48.7 per cent females. In Cuban households the females constitute a larger proportion of the total number of persons studied than do the males, while in South Italian and Spanish households the reverse is true, the difference in the proportion of males and females being larger in South Italian than in Cuban or Spanish households, in the order named.

The following table shows, by sex and general nativity and race of individual, persons for whom detailed information was secured in the households studied:

TABLE 124.-Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.

EMPLOYEES FOR WHOM INFORMATION WAS SECURED.

A total of 8,754 employees were also studied in detail and the fol lowing table shows the number and percentage of the employees of each race for whom information was secured:

TABLE 125.—Employees of each race for whom information was secured, by sex.

CHAPTER II.

RACIAL DISPLACEMENTS.

History of immigration-Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees and members of their households-Racial classification of employees at the present time [Text Tables 126 to 128 and General Tables 68 to 69].

HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION.

The Spanish colony in Tampa numbers about 7,500. The majority are from the Asturias, but at least 90 per cent of the total number have come to the city from Cuba. This would indicate that most of the employees learn their trade in the island. In a division according to sex the colony differs radically from the Cuban and Italian colonies. Fully 85 per cent of the total Spanish population. of Tampa is composed of males who have reached maturity. The number of married men among the race who are supporting families in the city will not exceed 350. Of this number 250 are married to either Cuban or to Italian women. The number of men whose families live elsewhere does not reach 100.

The Cubans increased steadily in numbers during the ten years following 1886, when the first cigar factory was built and operated. During that period race prejudice and a reputation which they enjoyed as skillful workmen assured them a monopoly of the industry and enabled them to displace cigar makers of all other races, except the Spanish. The events of the years 1896-97, however, brought about a change in their fortunes which resulted in a complete loss of prestige. Although the colony has grown considerably since 1898 and now numbers 14,000, the Cubans are finding it more and more difficult to compete with the Spanish and Italian workmen.

The rioting which followed the assassination of the chief of police of New Orleans some years ago compelled large numbers of Italians to leave that city. A number of them found refuge in Tampa. Up to this period not more than 1,500 Italians lived in Tampa, all of whom depended mainly on the fishing industry, the cultivation of truck farms, and the management of small dairy farms for their maintenance. There were also a number of Italian peddlers in the city, and a few laborers working on the streets and railroads. Very few, if any, of these early settlers found employment in the cigar factories. With the incursion of the refugees from New Orleans, however, the question of employment became serious, for neither fishing, truck farming, nor dairying could furnish enough employ

ment.

Now it is doubtful whether there are 100 Italians from the north of Italy in the whole colony. The early Italian immigrants were mainly fishermen from the coast towns of southern Italy. There were also a few farmers among them, who were not long in acquiring small truck or dairy farms. The New Orleans men were Sicilians,

and nearly all of the race who have entered Tampa in the last few years have come from the immediate vicinity of San Stefano in Sicily.

The Italians are gaining ground in the cigar industry at the expense of the Cubans and bid fair to drive them completely from the field. For this the Cubans are themselves largely to blame. Had the policy of the leaders been such as to retain the good will of the manufacturers the present helplessness of the unions would probably never have come about. But even the disintegration of the labor organizations was not the most serious blow to the prestige of the Cubans. It was rather their consequent loss of control over the admission of apprentices. When the first Italians applied for work they found it impossible to become apprentices in the orthodox fashion. The road was barred to them. They were forced to learn the trade under serious difficulties, and it is very doubtful if many of them could have found work as cigar makers even after having learned the trade had not the Cubans themselves opened the way. The close of the general strike in 1898 found the strength of the unions effectually broken and practically the last barrier to the Italians removed.

The

During 1908, while the cigar business was suffering because of the unsettled industrial conditions throughout the country, Italian immigration to Tampa ceased altogether, while many of the race left for Italy, fearing that the situation would grow worse. industry at present shows a degree of prosperity never equaled in its history, and operators in Tampa are expecting a heavy future Italian immigration. It is estimated that in five years the Italians will have increased to twice their present number. The combined population of West Tampa and Tampa proper is estimated to be 45,000 at the present time. Sixty per cent of this number were people of the Latin races-Cubans, Spaniards, and Italians; 25 per cent were native-born Americans of native-born parents, including the negroes; while 15 per cent were people of mixed races, with the German Hebrews predominating.

The increase in population between 1884 and 1909 is shown in the following statement:

PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF FOREIGN-BORN EMPLOYEES AND MEMBERS OF THEIR HOUSEHOLDS.

The racial movements to the industry may also be seen in the following series of tables, which set forth the period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees and members of their households. Length of residence in this country and period of employment in the industry are not necessarily identical, but they