in the United States from five to nine years. The South Italian employees show 17 per cent, the Spanish employees over 10 per cent, the Cuban employees over 8 per cent, and the German employees less than 5 per cent with a residence of from ten to fourteen. years. The German employees show 17.8 per cent, and the South Italian, the Cuban, and the Spanish employees, in the order named, less than 10 per cent who have been in the United States from fifteen to nineteen years. The German employees show 65 per cent, the Cuban employees only 11 per cent, the Spanish employees 5.1 per cent, while only 2 per cent of the South Italian employees have been in the United States twenty years or over. The percentage of the male and the female employees who have been in this country each specified number of years varies little. The percentage of the female employees who have been in the United States under five years, from ten to fourteen years, and from fifteen to nineteen years is slightly higher than that of the male employees. The male employees show a slightly higher percentage than the female employees who have been in the United States from five to nine years and twenty years or over.

RACIAL CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AT THE PRESENT TIME.

The racial composition of the operating forces at the present time is exhibited by the following table, which shows, by sex, the number and percentage of employees of each race for whom information was secured.

TABLE 95.-Employees of each race for whom information was secured, by sex.

-Continued.

TABLE 95.—Employees of each race for whom information was secured, by sex—

Of 23,862 employees for whom information was secured 14,996 are males and 8,866 are females; of the total number 31.9 per cent are of foreign birth, 7.2 per cent are native-born of foreign father, 30.6 per cent are native whites born of native father, and 30.2 per cent are native negroes born of native father. The employees of foreign birth show a considerably higher percentage of males than of females, while in each of the other nativity groups the percentage of females is higher than that of males. Of the employees who are native-born of foreign father those whose fathers were born in Germany show 3.8 per cent and those whose fathers were born in Ireland 1.1 per cent, while none of the employees whose fathers were born in other specified countries show over 1 per cent of the total for whom information was secured. Of the employees of foreign birth, the Cubans show 14.9 per cent, the South Italians 6.8 per cent, and the Spanish 8.4 per cent. None of the employees who are of other specified races show over 1 per cent of the total number of employees for whom information was secured.

CHAPTER III.

ECONOMIC STATUS.

Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United StatesDaily earnings-Relation between period of residence and earning ability-[Text Tables 96 to 107 and General Tables 51 to 56].

PRINCIPAL OCCUPATION OF IMMIGRANT EMPLOYEES BEFORE COMING TO THE UNITED STATES.

In order that an intelligent conception may be had of the economic status of immigrant employees of the cigar and tobacco manufacturing industry, it is necessary to set forth their industrial condition before emigrating from their native countries. Such an exhibit is also valuable in showing what training and experience foreign-born cigar and tobacco operatives had abroad in the same industry in which they are now employed; consequently before entering into a discussion of their present economic status, the following table is submitted, which shows, by race of individual, the percentage of foreign-born male employees who were in each specified occupation before coming to the United States.

TABLE 96.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

The preceding table shows that of 4,116 foreign-born male employes reported, 67.7 per cent were engaged in the manufacture of cigars and tobacco before coming to the United States, 0.7 per cent were engaged in other manufacturing, 17.2 per cent were farming or farm laborers, 1.1 per cent were general laborers, 4.6 per cent were in hand rades, 5.6 per cent were in trades, and 3.2 per cent followed other Occupations. The Cuban male employees show 87.3 per cent who were engaged in the manufacture of cigars and tobacco before coming

to the United States, the Spanish employees show 49.8 per cent, and the South Italian employees 25 per cent who were thus engaged. The South Italian employees show the highest per cent who were engaged in other manufacturing, in farming, or farm labor, in hand trades, and in other occupations. While the Spanish employees show the highest percentage engaged in general labor and in trade, none of the Cuban employees and less than 1 per cent of the Spanish were engaged in other manufacturing

The following table shows, by race of individual, the percentage of foreign-born female employees who were in each specified occupation before coming to the United States:

TABLE 97.-Per cent of foreign-born female employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreignborn.]

Of 369 foreign-born female employees who reported, 74.5 per cent were engaged in the manufacture of cigars and tobacco before coming to the United States, 0.8 per cent were engaged in other manufacturing, 3.3 per cent were engaged in farming or farm labor, 13.8 per cent were in domestic service, 4.9 per cent were engaged in sewing, embroidering and lace making, 1.9 per cent were in trade, and 0.8 per cent were engaged in other occupations. The Cuban female employees show 87.5 per cent who were engaged in the manufacture of cigars and tobacco before coming to the United States as contrasted with only 67.8 per cent of the South Italian female employees who were thus employed. The South Italian female employees show a much higher per cent engaged in each of the other specified occupations before coming to the United States than the Cuban female employees.