PART IV.-THE CIGAR AND TOBACCO MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN

THE SOUTH.

CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTION.

Explanation of study-Employees for whom information was secured-[Text Table 90 and General Table 49].

EXPLANATION OF STUDY.

The statistical basis of Part IV consists of the data secured for employees of cigar and tobacco factories located in the States of Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina, Maryland, Louisiana, and Florida.

EMPLOYEES FOR WHOM INFORMATION WAS SECURED.

The extent of the information secured may be seen from the following table, which shows by sex the number and percentage of employees of each race for whom information was secured.

TABLE 90.-Employees of each race for whom information was secured, by sex.

TABLE 90.-Employees of each race for whom information was secured, by sex-Continued.

CHAPTER II.

RACIAL DISPLACEMENTS.

History of immigration-Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees-Racial classification of employees at the present time-[Text Tables 91 to 95 and General Table 50].

HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION.

As in the case of other sections, no statistics are available showing the races employed in the cigar, cigarette, and tobacco factories in the Southern States during the past thirty years. An insight into the racial movements to this section, however, are afforded by the returns of the Federal Census. The table immediately following exhibits the country of birth of the operatives in certain specified Southern States in 1880.

TABLE 91.-Number of cigar and tobacco workers in selected States, by country of birth,

From the above table it is seen that the main body of employees in the South in 1880 were native-born with the admixture of small numbers of northern European and British races, among which the Germans were predominant. In 1890 the same situation practically prevailed, as shown in the table below, with the exception that the employment of Cubans and Spaniards in Florida became extensive. TABLE 92.-Number of cigar and tobacco workers in selected States, by general nativity and country of birth, 1890.

[Compiled from United States Census report on Population, 1890.]

• Data available for females only; in other cases males and females tabulated together.

TABLE 92.-Number of cigar and tobacco workers in selected States, by general nativity and country of birth, 1890-Continued.

During the decade 1890-1900 small numbers of southern and eastern Europeans, especially South Italians, found employment in the Southern States. This condition of affairs is set forth in the table below, which exhibits parentage of the employees of the cigar and tobacco establishments in certain Southern States in the year 1900.

TABLE 93.-Number of cigar and tobacco workers in selected States, by general nativity and country of birth of parents, 1900.

[Compiled from United States Census report on Occupation, 1900.]

Since the year 1900 Italians, Cubans, and Spaniards have been employed in Florida and Louisiana in increasing number, and small numbers of other races of recent immigration have also entered the factories. This situation is shown in the next two series of tables which exhibit the period of residence in the United States of employees in southern establishments and the racial composition of the operating forces in the South at the present time.

PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF FOREIGN-BORN EMPLOYEES.

An insight into the racial movements to the industry in the South may also be had from the following table, which shows, by sex and race, the percentage of foreign-born employees who had been in the United States each specified number of years. Length of residence in this country and period of employment in the industry are not necessarily identical, but they approximate each other sufficiently to indicate the character of recent and past immigration to the cigar and tobacco factories.

TABLE 94.—Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified number of years, by sex and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

The above table shows that of 7,581 foreign-born employees who reported 39.2 per cent have been in the United States under five years, 32 per cent from five to nine years, 10.8 per cent from ten to fourteen years, 8.4 per cent from fifteen to nineteen years, and 9.6 per cent have been in this country twenty years or over. Over 40 per cent of the Spanish and Cuban employees, over 35 per cent of the South Italian employees, and only 7.8 per cent of the German employees have been in the United States under five years. The South Italian, the Spanish, and the Cuban employees show over 30 per cent and the German employees less than 5 per cent who have been