PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF FOREIGN-BORN

EMPLOYEES.

An insight into the racial movements to the Middle West is also afforded by the table below. It shows by sex and race the per cent of foreign-born employees who had been in the United States each specified number of years.

TABLE 72.-Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified number of years, by sex and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

The above table shows that of 1,385 foreign-born employees 59.6 per cent have been in the United States under five years, 13.9 per cent have a residence of from five to nine years, 3.5 per cent from ten to fourteen years, 5.9 per cent from 15 to 19 years, and 17 per cent have been in this country twenty years or over. The Greek employees show over 90 per cent, the Slovak employees over 85 per cent, the Polish employees over 70 per cent, while only 18.6 per cent of the German employees have been in the United States under five years. The Polish employees show the highest percentage of their own number who have been in this country from five to nine years, the Slovaks, the Greeks, and the Germans following in the order named. The Polish employees show the highest percentage with a residence of from ten to fourteen years, followed by the Germans, the Slovaks, and the Greeks, the employees who are of the last-named race showing less

than 1 per cent in this group. The German employees show over 14 per cent, the Polish employees less than 4 per cent, and no Greek and Slovak employees have been in the United States from fifteen to nineteen years. The German employees show over 55 per cent who have been in the United States twenty years or over, 3 per cent of the Poles, less than 1 per cent of the Slovaks, and no Greek employees have been in the United States for this length of time. A higher percentage of female than of male employees have been in the United States under five, from five to nine, and from ten to fourteen years. A somewhat higher percentage of the male employees than of the female employees have a residence of from fifteen to nineteen years, while a very much higher percentage of the male than of the female employees have been in the United States twenty years or over.

RACIAL CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AT THE PRESENT TIME.

The racial composition of the operating forces of the industry is exhibited by the following table, which shows by sex the number and percentage of employees of each race for whom information was secured:

TABLE 73.-Employees of each race for whom information was secured, by sex.

TABLE 73.-Employees of each race for whom information was secured, by sex-Continued.

The preceding table shows that of 5,443 employees for whom information was secured 25.6 per cent are of foreign birth, 27 per cent are native-born of foreign father, 42.1 per cent are native whites born of native father, and 5.4 per cent are native negroes born of native father. Of the employees who are native whites born of native father and those who are native negroes born of native father the males show a considerably higher percentage than the females. Of the employees who are native-born of foreign father and those who are of foreign birth the females show a considerably higher percentage than the male employees. Of the employees who are native-born of foreign father those of German parentage show 15 per cent and those whose fathers were born in Ireland 6.6 per cent, while no employees whose fathers were of other specified races show over 2 per cent of the total number for whom information was secured. It will be noted that of the employees whose fathers were born in Austria-Hungary, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Russia, and Scotland, the percentage of females is higher than that of males. Of the foreignborn employees, the Poles show 9.8 per cent, the Germans 4.4 per cent, the Slovaks 2.4 per cent, and the Greeks 2 per cent, while no employees who are of other specified races show over 2 per cent of the total number for whom information was secured. It will be noted that the Bohemians and Moravians, the Canadians other thar French, the Dutch, the Magyars, the Poles, the Roumanians, the Scotch, the Slovaks, and the Slovenians show a higher per cent of female than of male employees.

CHAPTER III.

ECONOMIC STATUS.

Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United StatesDaily earnings [Text Tables 74 to 79 and General Tables 35 to 40].

PRINCIPAL OCCUPATION OF IMMIGRANT EMPLOYEES BEFORE COMING TO THE UNITED STATES.

In order that an intelligent conception may be had of the economic status of immigrant employees in the cigar and tobacco manufacturing industry, it is necessary to set forth their industrial condition before emigrating from their native countries. Such an exhibit is also valuable in showing what training and experience foreign-born cigar and tobacco operatives had abroad in the same industry in which they are now employed; consequently, before entering into a discussion of their present economic status, the following table is submitted, which shows, by race of individual, the percentage of foreignborn male employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States:

TABLE 74.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

The preceding table shows that of 290 foreign-born male employees reporting 1 per cent were engaged in the manufacture of cigars and tobacco before coming to the United States, 8.3 per cent were engaged in other manufacturing, 51.7 per cent were engaged in farming or farm labor, 11.4 per cent were general laborers, 13.8 per cent were in hand trades, 6.9 per cent were in trade, and 6.9 per cent were in other occupations before coming to the United States. The Greek employees show the same percentage of their own number who had previous experience in the manufacture of cigars and tobacco as that shown in the total. The percentage of the Greek employees who were engaged

in other manufacturing before coming to the United States, in hand trades and in other occupations, is smaller than the per cent shown in the total for all foreign-born male employees reporting. The percentage of the Greek employees who were engaged in farming or were farm laborers, who were general laborers, and who were in trade is higher than that shown in the total for all foreign-born male employees reporting.

The following table shows, by race, the percentage of foreign-born female employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States:

TABLE 75.-Per cent of foreign-born female employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign

born.]

The preceding table shows that of 414 foreign-born female employees reporting 0.5 per cent were engaged in the manufacture of cigars and tobacco, 5.6 per cent were in domestic service, 89.9 per cent were farming or farm laborers, 2.7 per cent were engaged in sewing, embroidering, and lace making, and 1.4 per cent were in other occupations before coming to the United States. The Polish female employees show a smaller percentage than that shown in the total for all female employees who were in domestic service, who were engaged in sewing, embroidering, and lace making and in other occupations. The percentage of Polish women who were engaged in farming or were farm laborers before coming to the United States is higher than the percentage of females thus engaged shown in the total, none of the Polish female employees were engaged in the manufacture of cigars and tobacco before coming to this country.