The following table shows the tobacco, cigar, and cigarette workers in the Middle West in 1890, by general nativity and country of birth:

TABLE 70.-Number of tobacco, cigar, and cigarette workers in the Middle West, by general nativity and country of birth, in 1890.

[Compiled from Census of 1890–Population (cf. Part II, Occupations).]

In 1890 the native-born employees of the industry outnumbered the foreign-born employees in all of the States for which the figures are presented in the table. The proportion of foreign-born employees was largest in Illinois and smaller in Ohio and Missouri than in Wisconsin. The figures for Indiana are for female employees only. Among the foreign-born workers the Germans had by far the largest representation in each of the several States. Natives of Sweden and Norway and of Great Britain were present in considerable numbers in Illinois. While the census classification does not include any of the countries of Southern or Eastern Europe, 628 employees in Illinois, 257 in Ohio, 203 in Missouri, and 178 in Wisconsin are classified under the caption "Other countries."

In the following table the tobacco, cigar, and cigarette workers in the Middle West for 1900 are classified by country of birth of parents and by general nativity:

TABLE 71.-Number of tobacco, cigar, and cigarette workers in the Middle West, by country of birth of parents and by general nativity, in 1900.

TABLE 71.-Number of tobacco, cigar, and cigarette workers in the Middle West, by country of birth of parents and by general nativity, in 1900-Continued.

It will be noted that there is a marked difference between the classification of employees made use of in the above table and that made use of in the two preceding tables. In 1900 workers were classified by general nativity and by country of birth of parents, instead of by country of birth as in 1880 and 1890.

It appears from the table that in 1900, as in 1880 and 1890, the native-born employees considerably outnumbered the foreign-born employees in all of the States for which the data are presented. The proportion of foreign-born employees was largest in Illinois and larger in Wisconsin than in Missouri, Ohio, or Indiana. Among the employees who had one or both parents born abroad those of German parentage had by far the largest representation in each of the several States for which information is given in the table. There was also a considerable proportion of employees of Irish and British parentage in several of the States. It will be noted that persons of Polish and Russian parentage were employed in the industry in considerable numbers.

From the above series of tables it appears that the general employment of workers of the races of recent immigration of the cigar and tobacco industry in the Middle West began at some time between 1890 and 1900. At the present time the proportion of workers of these races is considerable. It further appears that in the Middle West the native-born employees of this industry outnumbered the foreignborn employees as recently as 1900.

PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF FOREIGN-BORN

EMPLOYEES.

An insight into the racial movements to the Middle West is also afforded by the table below. It shows by sex and race the per cent of foreign-born employees who had been in the United States each specified number of years.

TABLE 72.-Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified number of years, by sex and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

The above table shows that of 1,385 foreign-born employees 59.6 per cent have been in the United States under five years, 13.9 per cent have a residence of from five to nine years, 3.5 per cent from ten to fourteen years, 5.9 per cent from 15 to 19 years, and 17 per cent have been in this country twenty years or over. The Greek employees show over 90 per cent, the Slovak employees over 85 per cent, the Polish employees over 70 per cent, while only 18.6 per cent of the German employees have been in the United States under five years. The Polish employees show the highest percentage of their own number who have been in this country from five to nine years, the Slovaks, the Greeks, and the Germans following in the order named. The Polish employees show the highest percentage with a residence of from ten to fourteen years, followed by the Germans, the Slovaks, and the Greeks, the employees who are of the last-named race showing less

than 1 per cent in this group. The German employees show over 14 per cent, the Polish employees less than 4 per cent, and no Greek and Slovak employees have been in the United States from fifteen to nineteen years. The German employees show over 55 per cent who have been in the United States twenty years or over, 3 per cent of the Poles, less than 1 per cent of the Slovaks, and no Greek employees have been in the United States for this length of time. A higher percentage of female than of male employees have been in the United States under five, from five to nine, and from ten to fourteen years. A somewhat higher percentage of the male employees than of the female employees have a residence of from fifteen to nineteen years, while a very much higher percentage of the male than of the female employees have been in the United States twenty years or over.

RACIAL CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AT THE PRESENT TIME.

The racial composition of the operating forces of the industry is exhibited by the following table, which shows by sex the number and percentage of employees of each race for whom information was secured:

TABLE 73.-Employees of each race for whom information was secured, by sex. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

-Continued.

TABLE 73.-Employees of each race for whom information was secured, by sex—

The preceding table shows that of 5,443 employees for whom information was secured 25.6 per cent are of foreign birth, 27 per cent are native-born of foreign father, 42.1 per cent are native whites born of native father, and 5.4 per cent are native negroes born of native father. Of the employees who are native whites born of native father and those who are native negroes born of native father the males show a considerably higher percentage than the females. Of the employees who are native-born of foreign father and those who are of foreign birth the females show a considerably higher percentage than the male employees. Of the employees who are native-born of foreign father those of German parentage show 15 per cent and those whose fathers were born in Ireland 6.6 per cent, while no employees whose fathers were of other specified races show over 2 per cent of the total number for whom information was secured. It will be noted that of the employees whose fathers were born in Austria-Hungary, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Russia, and Scotland, the percentage of females is higher than that of males. Of the foreignborn employees, the Poles show 9.8 per cent, the Germans 4.4 per cent, the Slovaks 2.4 per cent, and the Greeks 2 per cent, while no employees who are of other specified races show over 2 per cent of the total number for whom information was secured. It will be noted that the Bohemians and Moravians, the Canadians other thar French, the Dutch, the Magyars, the Poles, the Roumanians, the Scotch, the Slovaks, and the Slovenians show a higher per cent of female than of male employees.