liable for the payment of the debts of said estate in any case whatsoever, but shall inure to the sole and exclusive benefit of the widow or children. And if no widow or child survive such pensioner, and in the case of his last surviving child who was such minor at his death, and in case of a dependent mother, father, sister or brother, no payment whatsoever of their accrued pension shall be made or allowed except so much as may be necessary to reimburse the person who bore the expense of their last sickness and burial, if they did not leave sufficient assets to meet such expense. And the mailing of a pension check, drawn by a pension agent in payment of a pension due, to the address of a pensioner, shall constitute payment in the event of the death of a pensioner subsequent to the execution of the voucher therefor. And all prior laws relating to the payment of accrued pension are hereby repealed.

Approved March 2, 1895.

SUPPRESSION OF LOTTERIES.

That any person who shall cause to be brought within the United States from abroad, for the purpose of disposing of the same, or deposited in or carried by the mails of the United States, or carried from one state to another in the United States, any paper, certificate or instrument purporting to be or represent a ticket, chance, share or interest in or dependent upon the event of a lottery, so-called gift concert or similar enterprise offering prizes dependent upon lot

or chance, or shall cause any advertisement of such lottery, so-called gift concert or similar enterprise offering prizes dependent upon lot or chance, to be brought into the United States, or deposited in or carried by the mails of the United States, or transferred from one state to another in the same, shall be punishable in the first offense by imprisonment for not more than two years or by a fine of not more than $1.000, or both, and in the second and after offenses by such imprisonment only.

PENSION CHANGES.

That from and after the passage of this act all pensioners now on the rolls, who are pensioned at less than $6 per month, for any degree of pensionable disability, shall have their pensions increased to $6 per month, and that hereafter, whenever any applicant for pension would, under existing rates, be entitled to less than $6 for any single disability, or several combined disabilities, such pensioner shall be rated at not less than $6 per month: Provided also, That the provisions hereof shall not be held to cover any pensionable period prior to the passage of this act, nor authorize a re-rating of any claims for any part of such period, nor prevent the allowance of lower rates than $6 per month, according to the existing practice in the pension office in pending cases covering any pensionable period prior to the passage of this act. Approved March 2, 1895.

The controversy now going on between these two nations over the boundary line dividing Venezuela from British Guiana is quite likely to involve the United States before it is terminated. On the northeasterly coast of South America is a region lying between the deltas of the Amazon and Orinoco rivers, which early in the century was known as the Guayanas. In 1810 a very considerable portion of this territory became a part of Venezuela, that country having taken it as the inheritor of the Spanish title. In 1814 Holland ceded another portion of the Guayanas to Great Britain, but the boundary line between the Dutch and Spanish portions of the territory had never been established by any treaty. Shortly after the cession of British Guiana disputes, as to the boundary line between Venezuela and the British cession arose, and they still remain unsettled. The Venezuelan claim includes all territory west of the Essequibo river and southward to the boundaries of Brazil. The British claim includes the Yuruary valley and west nearly to the Caroni river, in which very rich gold mines have recently been discovered, as far west as the mouth of the Orinoco river, being nearly one-third of the entire country. Great Britain made no attempt to occupy any portion of her claimed territory west of the Pomaron river until 1841, when she sent a commissioner, who, without the consent of Venezuela, ran a boundary line from the Orinoco delta southwest, which line has since become known as the Schomburgk boundary. The territory taken from Venezuela by this new line is nearly equal in area to the state of New York.

Although this line is now referred to by the British government as marking the limits between what is without question British territory and what may be considered territory in dispute, it was not so regarded by the British government at that time, for, upon a protest from Venezuela, Lord Aberdeen, then prime minister of England, distinctly disavowed any

intention of occupying the territory within it, and directed the colonial authorities to obliterate the line and destroy the posts and marks by which it had been defined.

Lord Aberdeen subsequently proposed a conventional boundary line beginning near the mouth of the Orinoco, but carrying the British contention farther to the westward in the interior than had been proposed by the Schomburgk line. This line, though disadvantageous to Venezuela, might have been accepted but for the fact that Lord Aberdeen accompanied it by what Venezuela considered a humiliating condition. He proposed to "cede" to Venezuela the territory beyond this line and oblige her not to alienate any part of it to a third power.

The matter then remained unsettled until 1879, when Dr. Rojos, Venezuelan minister to London, opened negotiations with Lord Salisbury, who then set up a claim that far exceeded any theretofore made by Great Britain. He claimed not only the territory to the east of the old Schomburgk line but a vast tract beyond it. Lord Granville succeeded Lord Salisbury while the matter was under consideration, and he proposed a line which, while it did not lay any claim to the mouth of the Orinoco, was more favorable to Great Britain in the interior than any line which had previously been suggested. Dr. Rojos could not consider this and proposed the settlement of the question by arbitration. Great Britain did not agree to this and nothing more was done until 1884.

In that year Guzman Blanco, who had become Venezuelan minister at London, continued negotiations for a treaty of arbitration which came more nearly resulting in a settlement of the controversy than any of the negotiations before or since that time. A draft of a treaty was practically agreed upon which would have referred the boundary question to arbitration and settled all the pending questions between the two governments. By a

change in the ministry, however, the marquis of Salisbury became premier and he declined to carry out the agreements which had been made by Earl Granville.

Three years later, when Lord Rosebery was minister of foreign affairs in the Gladstone cabinet, the matter was again taken up and Lord Rosebery prepared a conventional line more favorable to Venezuela than any proposition that had come from the British side. He accompanied it, however, with a condition that the Orinoco would be declared open and free to the navigation of British yessels. This was rejected by Venezuela and arbitration was again proposed, but was not agreed to by Great Britain.

In the meantime the British authorities took formal possession of the territory within the old Schomburgk line and in 1886 established fortifications at Barima point and posted notices at the mouth of the Amacura river announcing that the territory was within British jurisdiction. Venezuela demanded the immediate evacuation of these points and the restoration of the status quo of 1850, preparatory to submitting the entire boundary dispute to arbitration. These demands were not complied with, and in February, 1887, Venezuela formally declared all diplomatic relations with England suspended.

This dispute created some anxiety in the United States, and on the 20th of February, 1895, the following joint resolution was passed by congress:

"Resolved, That the president's suggestion made in his last annual message to this body -namely, that Great Britain and Venezuela refer their dispute as to boundaries to friendly arbitratlon-be earnestly recommended to the favorable consideration of both parties in interest."

The Venezuelan government is willing and anxious to submit the whole question to arbitration. Great Britain declined to act upon the suggestion of the United States upon the following grounds:

1. That Venezuela once proposed arbitration, to which proposal, after careful consideration, Great Britain replied signifying her willingness to arbitrate certain definite subjects of controversy, but that Venezuela

has never made any reply to this proposition, either accepting or rejecting the suggested basis of arbítration.

2. That in any event there are certain portions of territory to which Venezuela lays claim which under no circumstances will be made the subject of arbitration, as they are recognized and established portions of the British domain, and are not, therefore, a subject on which the judgment of arbitrators could be invoked.

3. That the subject-matter is one between Great Britain and Venezuela, so that the good offices of the United States are not regarded as essential to a settlement, as it is not understood that the United States has assumed a protectorate over Venezuela or has other interests than those of a friendly power.

In plain English, Great Britain does not, under any circumstances, propose to arbitrate any claim to the vast region east of the "Schomburgk line," and advises the United States to mind its own business in the matter. The truth is that the whole region between the Orinoco and the Essequibo is marked with British "boundary lines," dated 1814, 1840, 1843, 1844, 1881, 1886, 1890, 1893 and 1895, no two agreeing, and not one of them having any better excuse for existence than the demands of greed and the taste and fancy of the diplomatic surveyor or engineer who drew it.

As the controversy now stands Venezuela is ready and anxious to enter into a treaty with Great Britain, whereby the entire boundary by a court of arbitration, without any reservacontroversy will be submitted to settlement tions whatever, while, on the other hand, Great Britain has declined to consider any proposition for arbitration which does not admit that all the territory east of the Schomburgk line is British territory. Venezuela will not concede this advantage to the British, as her contention is that her title to the territory east of the Schomburgk is as good as to that west of that line. Contending, as she does, that the territory east of the Schomburgk line, clear to the Essequibo river, is part of Venezuela, that goyernment holds that it is powerless to concede any part of it to Great Britain until a duly constituted court of arbitration shall decide that it never properly belonged to the Venezuelan government.

JUDSON HARMON. Judson Harmon, the attorney-general appointed to succeed Mr. Olney, is a resident of Cincinnati; was born in Anderson township

Feb. 3, 1846. His father, the Rev. B. F. Harmon, was a baptist minister well known throughout the Ohio valley. Mr. Harmon was graduated at Dennison university at Granville, O., in 1866, and began the practice of law in 1869. He was a republican till 1872, when he Greeleyized. He was elected superior judge in 1878, re-elected in 1883, and when exGov. George Hoadly went to New York in 1887 Judge Harmon resigned from the bench to become the head of the firm of Harmon, Colston, Goldsmith & Hoadly, which represents several railways and other large corporations, and with which firm he will continue his connection. When Judge Harmon resigned in 1887 Gov. Foraker appointed Judge William Taft, now United States circuit judge and formerly solicitor-general, to the vacancy. Mrs. Harmon is the daughter of the late Dr. Scobey of Hamilton. They have three daughters-Mrs. Edman Wright, Jr., of Philadelphia, Miss Elizabeth, and Marjorie. the youngest of the family, who is 14 years old.

Ex-Judge Harmon has been a stanch democrat. though he has not taken a very active part in politics. He has devoted himself chiefly to the practice of law, but he has kept well posted about current events in the polítical world. He has affiliated with the Cleveland (or administration) wing of the democratic party. In Ohio politics he has been a friend of ex-Gov. Campbell, and in local affairs he has always been opposed to "the gang."

WILLIAM L. WILSON.

William L. Wilson, postmaster-general, was born in Jefferson county. West Virginia, May 3. 1843; was educated at Charlestown academy and at Columbian college, District of Columbia, where he was graduated in 1860, and at the University of Virginia; served in the confederate army; was for several years after the war professor in Columbian college, but on the overthrow of the lawyers' test oath in West Virginia resigned and entered upon the practice of law at Charlestown; was a delegate in 1880 to the national democratic convention at Cincinnati, and was chosen an elector for the state-at-large on the Hancock ticket; was permanent president of the national demo

cratic convention at Chicago in 1892; was elected president of the West Virginia university in 1882 and entered upon the office Sept. 6, but on Sept. 20 was nominated as the democratic candidate for the XLVIIIth congress and elected; resigned the presidency of the State university in June, 1883; received the degree of LL.D. from Columbian university in 1883 and from Hampden-Sidney college, Virginia, in 1886; was appointed a regent of the Smithsonian Institution for two years in 1884, and reappointed in 1886: was elected to the XLVIIIth, XLIXth, Lth, LIst, LIId and LIIId congresses, but was defeated for election to the LIVth. Upon the resignation of Mr. Bissell of the office of postmaster-general Mr. Wilson was appointed as his successor.

MATT W. RANSOM.

Matt W. Ransom of North Carolina, minister to Mexico, was born in Warren county, North Carolina, in 1826, received an academic education; was graduated from the University of North Carolina in 1847; studied law and was admitted to the bar on graduating in 1847; is a lawyer and planter; was elected attorney-general of North Carolina in 1852 and resigned in 1855; was a member of the legislature of North Carolina in 1858, 1859 and 1860; was a peace commissioner from the state of North Carolina to the congress of southern states at Montgomery, Ala., in 1861; entered the confederate army, serving as lieutenant-colonel, colonel, brigadier-general and major-general' and sur rendered at Appomattox; was elected to the United States senate as a democrat in January, 1872, took his seat April 24, 1872, and was re-elected in 1876, 1883 and 1889. His term of service expired March 3, 1895, and in February he was appointed minister to Mexico to succeed Mr. Gray, deceased.

In

GEN. NELSON A. MILES. Maj.-Gen. Nelson A. Miles, who has been in command of the department of the east, succeeded in October, 1895, Gen. Schofield in the command of the army, but without change of rank. Gen. Miles was born at Westminster. Mass., in 1839. He is not a West Point graduate, and because of this fact there has been, it is said, some opposition, at least among his brother officers, to his appointment to the command of the army. 1861 he went out with a regiment of Massachusetts volunteers with the rank of captain. He was rapidly promoted, reaching the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers in 1864 and major-general of volunteers early in 1865. At the close of the war he entered the regular army and distinguished himself in numerous campaigns against the Indians, especially in the northwest and in capturing Geronimo and his Apache band in Arizona in 1886. He was made a brigadier-general in the regular army in 1880, and a major-general in 1890. He was in command of the department of the Missouri with headquarters at Chicago during the great strike of 1894, where he rendered most efficient service. Near the close of the year he was transferred to the department of the east, with headquarters at New York.

WILLIAM P. CRAIGHILL. William Price Craighill, chief of engineers, U. S. A., was born in Charlestown, Jefferson county, W. Va., on the 1st of July, 1833, and was graduated at West Point, second in a class of fifty-two, in 1853. He was assigned to the engineer corps and superintended the building of Fort Delaware. For some years he was an instructor at the Military academy, but in 1863 he was engaged in the construction of defenses at Pittsburg, which was threatened by Morgan and other raiders. In March, 1865, he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel for his services in the defense of Cumberland gap, and a

little later he served on the board appointed to superintend the defenses at New York. After this he was engaged in similar work at Baltimore. Since then he has been employed in many important works, including the improvement of the Potomac, Appomattox and Delaware rivers. In 1877 he was sent to Europe to examine movable dams and other works in France and Great Britain. Col. Craighill has compiled an "Army Officers' Pocket Companion," translated Dufour's "Cours de Tactiques," and, in collaboration with Capt. Mendell, Gen. Jomini's "Precis de l'Art de la Guerre."

GEN. G. N. LIEBER.

Gen. Guido Norman Lieber, judge-advocate general, U. S. A., was born March 21, 1837, in Columbia, S. C., where his father was serving as professor of history and political economy in the University of South Carolina. At this institution Gen. Lieber was graduated in 1856, and at the Harvard law school three years later. After a practice of two years at the New York bar he entered the army, May 14, 1861, receiving the brevet of captain for gallantry at the battle of Gaines' Mill, and the full grade later on, serving meanwhile as adjutant of his regiment, the 11th infantry. He saw war service also at Yorktown, Malvern Hill, the second battle of Bull Run and in the Teche and Red river campaigns of Louisiana, gaining a second brevet, that of major, for gallantry, and at the close of the war the brevet of lieutenant-colonel for "faithful and meritorious service during the war." Nov. 13, 1862, he was appointed major and judge advocate of volunteer service, serving as such on the staff of Gen. Banks. Feb. 25, 1867, Maj. Lieber was transferred from the infantry to the judge-advocate general's department of the army, being on duty as professor of law at the United States Military academy from 1878 until his transfer to the bureau of military justice, Washington, in 1882. July 5, 1884, he was promoted to colonel and assistant judge-advocate general. His final promotion to the highest grade in his corps makes no change in his duties, as he has been at the head of the corps since the suspension of its chief, Gen. Swaim.

GEORGE C. PERKINS.

George Clement Perkins, senator from California, was born at Kennebunkport, Me., in 1839 and was reared on a farm, with limited educational advantages. At the age of 12 he went to sea as a cabin boy and followed the sea as sailor for several years. In 1855 he shipped "before the mast" for California, where he arrived in the autumn of that year and went on foot to Oroville and became a porter in a store. Subsequently he became a partner in the business and was very successful. He went into banking, milling, mining and sheep-raising, and in 1868 was elected to the state senate. He became largely interested in the Pacific Coast Steamship company. He was elected president of the merchants' exchange of San Francisco and in 1879 was elected governor of California, serving until 1883. Upon the death of Mr. Stanford he was elected his successor. His term will expire March 4, 1897.

GEORGE L. SHOUP.

George L. Shoup, senator from Idaho, was born in Kittanning, Armstrong county, Pa., June 15, 1836. He was educated in the public schools of Freeport and Slate Lick, and moved with his father to Illinois in June, 1852. He engaged in farming and stock-raising near Galesburg until 1858, when he removed to Colorado. Here he engaged in mining and mercantile business until 1861, and in September enlisted in Capt. Backus' independent com

pany of scouts, being soon after commissioned second lieutenant. During the autumn and winter of 1861 he was engaged in scouting along the base of the Rocky mountains. He was ordered to Fort Union, New Mexico, in the early part of 1862, and was kept on scouting duty on the Canadian, Pecos and Red rivers until the spring of 1863. During this time he was promoted to a first lieutenancy. He was then ordered to the Arkansas river. He had been assigned in 1862 to the 2d Colorado regiment of volunteer infantry, but was retained on duty in the cavalry service, being assigned to the 1st Colorado regiment of cavalry in May, 1863.

In 1861 Mr. Shoup was elected to the constitutional convention to prepare a constitution for the proposed state of Colorado and obtained a leave of absence for thirty days to serve as a member. After performing this service he returned to active duty. He was commissioned colonel of the 3d Colorado cavalry in September, 1864, and was mustered out at Denver with the regiment at the expiration of his term of service.

Mr. Shoup engaged in the mercantile business in Virginia City, Mont., in 1866, and during the same year established a business at Salmon City, Idaho. Since 1866 he has been engaged in mining, stock-raising, mercantile and other business in Idaho. He was a member of the territorial legislature during the VIIIth and Xth sessions, was a delegate to the national republican convention in 1880, was a member of the republican national committee from 1880 to 1884, was United States commissioner for Idaho at the world's cotton centennial exposition at New Orleans, La., in 1884-5, and was again placed on the republican committee in 1888 and re-elected in 1892. Mr. Shoup was appointed governor of Idaho territory March, 1889, which position he held until elected governor of the state of Idaho Oct. 1, 1890. He was elected to the United States senate as a republican Dec. 18, 1890, and took his seat Dec. 29, 1890. His term will expire March 4, 1901.

LUCIEN BAKER.

Lucien Baker, senator from Kansas, was, when elected, a member of the state senate from the 3d senatorial district. He was born in Fulton county, Ohio, and is 46 years of age, more than twenty-five years of which have been passed in Kansas. Of methodist parentage, Mr. Baker secured a good general education and adopted the law as his profession. He went to Kansas from Michigan in 1869 and located at Leavenworth, where he has since resided. As a lawyer Mr. Baker was very successful and had but little time to devote to practical politics. He never held any office until he was elected to the state senate except that of city attorney for Leavenworth. But he was so well known as an ardent and patriotic republican that when he was nominated for the state senate no fears were felt by his friends as to the result. His majority over the populist candidate was over 1.500 and over the democratic nominee more than 2,000. By virtue of his ability as a logician and clear-headed thinker he was at once recognized as one of the republican leaders of the state senate. His term will expire March 4, 1899.

JULIUS C. BURROWS.

Julius Cæsar Burrows of Kalamazoo, senator from Michigan, was born at North East, Erie county, Pa., Jan. 9, 1837; received a common-school and academic education; by profession a lawyer; was an officer in the union army, 1862-4; prosecuting attorney of Kalamazoo county, 1865-7; appointed supervisor of internal revenue for the states of Michigan and Wisconsin in 1867, but declined the office;

elected a representative to the XLIIId, XLVIth and XLVIIth.congresses; appointed solicitor of the United States treasury department by President Arthur in 1884, but declined the office; elected a delegate-at-large from Michigan to the national republican convention at Chicago in 1884; elected to the XLIXth, Lth and LIst congresses; twice elected speaker pro tem. of the house of representatives during the LIst congress and was elected to the LIId congress and re-elected to the LIIId congress as a republican, receiving 21,287 votes, against 15,802 votes for Daniel Strange, democrat; 2.510 votes for P. T. Butler, prohibitionist, and 2,898 votes for L. C. Lockwood, people's. He was elected to succeed Senator McMillan and his term will expire March 4, 1901.

KNUTE NELSON.

Knute Nelson, senator from Minnesota. was born in the parish of Voss, near Bergen, Norway, Feb. 2, 1843. His father died while he was almost an infant, and his mother emigrated to this country, making her home in Chicago. They went there in 1849, remaining until 1850, when they moved to Wisconsin. Young Knute remained in the Badger state until 1871, when he moved to Douglas county, Minnesota, which has since been his home.

When the civil war broke out he entered the service as a private in company B of the 4th Wisconsin, and became a non-commissioned officer. He served over three years. and was taken prisoner while wounded at the siege of Port Hudson, La., in 1863. After the war he studied law and was admitted to the bar in Dane county, Wisconsin, in 1867, and was sent to the legislature as a member of the assembly in 1868 and 1869. In 1871, as stated, he moved to Alexandria, Minn., and a year later became county attorney of Douglas county.

He served in the state senate from 1875 to 1878, inclusive, and in 1880 was one of the presidental electors. Later than that he was one of the board of regents of the State university. A greater step was taken, however, when he was elected to the XLVIIIth congress from the old 5th district, defeating all the XLIXth and Lth congresses by equally comers, and he was subsequently elected to parties. In July, 1892, he was nominated by handsome figures over his opponents of all acclamation by the republican state convenelected by a plurality of nearly 15,000, and in tion for governor, to which high office he was 1894 he was renominated and was re-elected by a plurality of 60,000, His term will expire March 4, 1901.

THOMAS H. CARTER.

At 20

Thomas H. Carter, senator from Montana, was born in Scioto county, Ohio, Oct. 30, 1854, and removed with his parents in his 5th year to Illinois, locating at Pana, where he was educated in the public schools. His father was a farmer, and young Henry was taught to do all the work that is incidental to carrying on a farm in the central part of Illinois. years of age he studied law and was admitted to practice. In 1882 he went to Helena, where he has constantly engaged in practicing law. He was elected delegate to the XLth congress as a republican from the territory of Montana. He was nominated by the republicans in their first state convention and elected to the Lth congress.

Mr. Carter gained a national reputation in the LIst congress by his indefatigable work upon the floor of the house. He was chosen secretary of the republican national congressional committee for the campaign of 1890. In that year Mr. Carter was chosen by his party again as its candidate for congress, but was de

feated by W. W. Dixon, democrat. In the spring of 1891, Mr. Carter was appointed by President Harrison to be commissioner of the general land office. In 1892 he was selected as chairman of the republican national committee, which position he still holds.

Mr. Carter ranks high throughout the entire northwest as a lawyer. He is regarded as one of the ablest trial lawyers in the country.

Mr. Carter is a member of the catholic church. It was on this point that the American Protective association made such great opposition to Mr. Carter's election. After it was announced through the press that Mr. Carter had been nominated the association undertook to prevent his election, as it was said that a majority of the members of the legislature that were republican belonged to this order. When the hour for election was called, however, it passed off in a quiet, orderly way, every member of the republican party casting his vote for Mr. Carter.

LEE MANTLE.

Lee Mantle, senator from Montana, was born in England Dec. 13, 1851, and came to this country when about 9 years of age. In 1868 he went to Utah and got a job driving team for a contractor who was furnishing railroad ties to the new Union Pacific railroad. When this work was completed in 1869 young Mantle found himself without work. He packed his blankets, however, and walked 125 miles to Malad City. There he got a job driving an ox team, hauling salt from the salt works of eastern Idaho to Virginia City and Boise. On one of his trips he chanced to meet a telegraph operator, with whom he arranged for instructions in telegraphy. He paid for this in labor, by keeping the lines in repair. He was quick to learn, prompt and reliable, and was soon promoted to the position of general repairer for the Western Union telegraph lines between Ogden and Green River. From this position Mr. Mantle was given the agency of the stage line between Corinne, Utah, and Helena, Mont. He continued his connection with stage and telegraph lines in that locality until 1877, when he moved to Butte City as agent of the Wells-Fargo express company. Two years later he was placed in charge of the first telegraph office opened in Butte and also opened the first insurance office there. In 1880 he took an active part in local politics, helped to incorporate the city and was one of Butte's first aldermen.

Soon after this Mr. Mantle organized the Inter-Mountain Publishing company and began the publication of the Butte Daily InterMountain. He has held the position of manager of that paper ever since its publication and through it has done a great deal of work for the republican party.

In 1882 Mr. Mantle was elected to the lower house of the territorial legislature and in 1884 was one of Montana's delegates to the republican national convention. In 1886 he was again elected to the legislature. The following year, when the people of Montana organized a Mineral Land association to take steps to fight the Northern Pacific railroad company's efforts to secure large grants of valuable mineral lands, Mr. Mantle was elected president of this association and took an active part in the fight that saved the mineral lands from falling into the hands of the railroad.

In 1888 Mr. Mantle was elected for the third time to represent his county in the legislature, and in that year he nominated T. H. Carter, his present colleague, for congress in the republican convention. After Montana's admission as a state Mr. Mantle was a candidate for the United States senate before the first state legislature in 1890, but was defeated in the caucus by two votes by Senator T. C. Power.

At the age of 22 he removed to Omaha, hung out his shingle and began his by no means short career as a briefless barrister. Omaha was then a city of about 15,000 inhabitants and contained more legal talent to the square inch than any other city of its size in the country. In the face of a most discouraging paucity of clients the young lawyer persevered in his attempts to build up a practice. He during the day and slept in the office at attended strictly to what business he had night, so that clients rarely tried his office door in vain. His larder was usually well supplied, however, for he would buy a box of crackers and a cheese and live on them till they were gone.

In 1872 he entered politics and was elected councilman. Two years later he was city attorney and in 1875 a member of the legislature. In 1880 he was a presidental elector and carried the vote of Nebraska to Washington to be counted for Garfield. He was chairman of the Nebraska delegation in the republican national convention of 1884 and seconded the nomination of John A. Logan. In 1888 he was temporary chairman of the republican national convention, and his speeches in these two great gatherings gave him wide fame as one of the most graceful, eloquent and convincing orators in the republican party.

The same year he was appointed to the office of general solicitor of the Union Pacific railroad at a salary of about $12.000 a year, which he resigned in favor of a salary of $5,000 a year (and mileage) when he entered the United States senate. His term will expire March 4, 1901.

MARION BUTLER.

Marion Butler, senator from North Carolina, was born in 1863 and is the youngest man in the senate. His great-grandfather, James Butler, came over from England and settled in Sampson county, North Carolina, in 1760, and was a soldier in the revolutionary war. One hundred years later his father, Wiley Butler, entered the confederate army and at the close of the four years' struggle the new senator was a child in his mother's arms. The family farm was distant from schools, so his mother taught him all that he learned until he entered the Salem high school to prepare for the University of North Carolina, where he was graduated in 1885. Then he studied law, became principal of an academy in a county adjoining his home, and there, in 1888, made the acquaintance of the state organizer of the Farmers' alliance, whose ideas he readily accepted and a week later became president of a county lodge. Then he bought a newspaper, the Clinton Caucasian, a small country weekly which shortly after was selected as the state organ of the alliance. This editorial prominence brought him into public notice and he was elected to the state senate, where he became the leader of the anti-monopoly faction and succeeded in securing the passage of the present law for the regulation of railroads.

In 1891 he was made president of the State Farmers' alliance and in 1893 was promoted to the presidency of the national organization before he was 30 years old. Then he commenced his fight for the United States senate. His ability as an organizer and a politician