Mangrove Ecology, Silviculture and ConservationSpringer Science & Business Media, 29 июн. 2013 г. - Всего страниц: 360 Mangroves are a fascinating group of plants that occur on tropical and subtropical shorelines of all continents, where they are exposed to saltwater inundation, low oxygen levels around their roots, high light and temperature conditions, and periodic tropical storms. Despite these harsh conditions, mangroves may form luxuriant forests which are of significant economic and environmental value throughout the world - they provide coastal protection and underpin fisheries and forestry operations, as well as a range of other human activities. This book provides an up-to-date account of mangrove plants from around the world, together with silvicultural and restoration techniques, and the management requirements of these communities to ensure their sustainability and conservation. |
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... sealevel ( van Steenis 1963 ) . Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean , with its stepped topography and inland cliffs , rises to a central plateau at about 250-300 m . The lowest , most recent terrace , was formed around 120,000 y BP ...
... sealevel ( fig . 1.4 ) . Clearly , tides play an important role in the functioning of mangrove communities although they are not an absolute ecophysiological requirement . However , regular inundation with seawater is probably the means ...
... sealevels , with Rhizophora disappearing from Gatun Lake 4,200 y BP after dominating the area for the previous 30,000 years ( Bartlett and Barghoorn 1973 ) . In French Guiana , a similarly large reduction in Rhizophora occurred ...
... sealevels of about 100-150 m along the entire Gulf of Guinea coastline . Beginning around 10,000 y BP , sealevel rose again due to the melting of the glaciers , and reached a new maximum between 6,500 and 4,500 y BP during the ...
... et al . 1986 , Lezines 1988 ) . Over the last 1,500 years , sealevel fluctuations have been small and difficult to establish with certainty , although rises of between 1-3.4 mm y1 have been reported. The Mangrove Flora 29.
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11 | |
19 | |
Adapting to the Mangrove Environment | 49 |
Physicochemical Factors and Mangrove Performance | 101 |
Biotic Interactions and Mangrove Performance | 147 |
Mangrove Structure and Classification | 183 |
The Value of Mangroves 207 | 206 |
Mangrove Silviculture and Restoration | 229 |
viii | 249 |
Conservation and Management of Mangroves | 271 |
References | 303 |
Index | 351 |