TABLE 7.-Male breadwinners, classified by nationality and general nativity: Total number, and number and per cent employed as clerks, stenographers, bookkeepers, etc.

a Includes bookkeepers and accountants, clerks and copyists, stenographers and typewriters. Includes also the few foreign-born white whose parents were natives of the United States.

TABLE 7.-Male breadwinners, classified by nationality and general nativity: Total number, and number and per cent employed as clerks, stenographers, bookkeepers, etc.— Continued.

a Includes also the few foreign-born white whose parents were natives of the United States.

There is a marked difference between the first and second generations of male breadwinners as regards the extent to which they enter this class of occupations. Only 2 per cent of the foreign-born white are clerks, stenographers, bookkeepers, etc., as compared with 5.7 per cent of the native white whose parents were foreign-born. These occupations, therefore, have more than twice the relative importance in the second generation that they have in the first.

In the larger cities, where the demand for employment in clerical pursuits is greatest, more than one-tenth (10.9 per cent) of the second generation of male breadwinners were reported in these occupations as compared with 3.4 per cent of the first generation.

Without exception each foreign nationality distinguished in the census classification shows a considerable increase in the percentage of clerks, stenographers, and bookkeepers in the second generation of breadwinners. Especially marked is the contrast in this respect between the first and second generations of Austrians, Hungarians, Russians, and Italians. Among the Hungarian immigrants, for instance, only 1 per cent of the male breadwinners are clerks, bookkeepers, and stenographers; but in the second generation this percentage becomes 11.9. For Austrians the corresponding percentages are 1.1 and 8.4, respectively; for Italians, 0.6 and 6.4; for Russians, 2.2 and 11.7. The English Canadians, the English and Welsh, and the Scotch have a higher percentage for the first generation, but not so marked an advance for the second generation. The French Canadians appear to be the nationality which shows the least inclination toward clerical pursuits on the part of the second generation.

SALESMEN, AGENTS, AND COMMERCIAL TRAVELERS.

The occupations of salesmen, agents, and commercial travelers are believed to be sufficiently similar in character to be combined in a single group for the purpose of the comparisons under consideration, although the broad term "agent" doubtless includes a good many persons who are not engaged in selling goods or products. The group thus obtained is somewhat larger than the group of clerks, stenographers, and bookkeepers, and comprises a somewhat larger proportion of immigrants. The 125,442 salesmen, etc., who are immigrants, represent 16 per cent of the total number of males in these occupations and 2.5 per cent of the total number of male immigrants who are breadwinners.

In the second generation of male breadwinners the percentage of salesmen increases to 4.8 and is larger than the corresponding percentage for the native white of native parentage. The latter fact appears to be due to the greater concentration of the foreigners and their children in cities or commercial centers. When the comparison is confined to that part of the population which lives in cities of over 50,000 inhabitants, it will be found that 10.3 per cent of the male breadwinners of native birth and native parentage are employed as salesmen, in comparison with 4 per cent of the immigrants (foreignborn white) and 7.6 per cent of the native children of immigrants (native white of foreign parents).

TABLE 8.-Male breadwinners, classified by nationality and general nativity: Total number, and number and per cent employed as salesmen, etc.

Includes commercial travelers, salesmen, and agents.

Includes also the few foreign-born white whose parents were natives of the United States.

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TABLE 8.-Male breadwinners, classified by nationality and general nativity: Total number, and number and per cent employed as salesmen, etc.-Continued.

a Includes also the few foreign-born white whose parents were natives of the United States.

In general there is a decided increase in the proportion of salesmen, agents, and commercial travelers in the second generation of each nationality. This is notably the case as regards the Russians, the great majority of whom are doubtless Russian Jews; also as regards

the Hungarians, Poles, and Austrians. The tendency is hardly less marked for the Scandinavian nationalities and the Germans. It is on the whole less striking for the French Canadians, the English and Welsh, the Irish, and the Scotch.

This occupation group does not, however, attain the same importance in the second generation as the occupation group representing clerical pursuits, although in the first generation it has greater importance. Or, briefly stated, in the first generation there are more salesmen than clerks, in the second more clerks than salesmen. Consequently, although each of these two occupation groups shows an advance in the second generation as compared with the first, the clerk's occupation shows a much greater advance than the salesman's. Of course in these general statements the terms "clerk" and "salesman" are used in a broad sense to include the allied occupations classed with them in the tabular presentation.

PROFESSIONAL SERVICE.

Only a small proportion, 3.5 per cent, of the total number of male breadwinners in the United States are employed in professional pursuits or professional service. Naturally, the proportion is still smaller in the case of immigrants, the percentage being 2.4. In the second generation it increases to 3.6.

Of the total number of white males engaged in professional pursuits, 64.1 per cent are native children of native Americans, 14.2 per cent are immigrants, and 17.7 per cent the children of immigrants. In cities 22.6 per cent of the professional classes are immigrants and 26.1 per cent are children of immigrants.

The table given below shows the number and percentage of immigrants and of native white children of immigrants in each professional pursuit. Thus it indicates that 14.3 per cent of the actors and professional showmen are immigrants, and 26 per cent are the children of immigrants. Noticeably large are the percentages of immigrants among artists and musicians and the percentage of children of immigrants among electricians.

TABLE 9.-Male breadwinners employed in professional service: Number and per cent of foreign-born and of native white of foreign parentage, in each specified occupation.