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who can read and write is above 97. From the Commission's complete report on immigrants in cities it will be seen that the per cents of women who read and write are in general lower than the corresponding per cents of men.

From the complete report it will also be seen that apparently little relation exists between the literacy of immigrants and their length of residence in the United States. The following table, however, indicates that the age of the immigrants at the time of their arrival in this country is an important factor in determining their ability to read and write:

TABLE 45.-Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual.

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The vast majority of the 7,717 foreign-born male heads of households represented in this table were 14 years of age or over at the time of coming to the United States. Those who came at an early age are now able to read and write to a greater extent than are those who were 14 years of age or over when they came. This is true in the case of every race for which the percentages are comparable. Thus, among the South Italians, two-thirds of those who were children under 14 when they came are now able to read and write, while little more than half of those who were 14 years or over at the time of coming can now read and write.

CITIZENSHIP.

The status with respect to naturalization of immigrant heads of households who were 21 years of age or over at the time of coming to the United States and who therefore could become citizens only by their own initiative, is shown in the following table. Only persons are included who have been in this country long enough to acquire citizenship.

TABLE 46.-Present political conditon of foreign-born male heads of households who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]

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It will be seen that little more than half of the foreign-born male heads of households have taken out any naturalization papers. The proportion fully naturalized is only 37.6 per cent. The proportions vary considerably among the races, being much higher for the Germans, Irish, and Swedes than for others. Among the races represented in the table by more than 500 men, the proportions of citizens are: Poles 35.6 per cent, Russian Hebrews 33.6 per cent, and South Italians 31.7 per cent.

ABSTRACT OF THE REPORT ON

OCCUPATIONS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND
GENERATIONS OF IMMIGRANTS
IN THE UNITED STATES.

For the complete report on occupations of the first and second generations of immigrants in the United States see Reports of the

Immigration Commission, vol. 28.

773

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TABLE 1. White male breadwinners of foreign parentage, classified by nation

778

ality and general nativity: Number and per cent distribution... 2. Male breadwinners, classified by nationality and general nativity: Total number, and number and per cent employed as laborers. 780, 781 3. Male breadwinners, classified by nationality and general nativity: Total number, and number and per cent employed as miners and

quarrymen

782, 783

4. Male breadwinners, classified by nationality and general nativity:
Total number, and number and per cent employed as iron and
steel workers

784, 785

786, 787

5. Male breadwinners, classified by nationality and general nativity:
Total number, and number and per cent employed as textile-
mill operatives...

6. Male breadwinners, classified by nationality and general nativity:
Total number, and number and per cent employed in the build-
ing trades..

789, 790

7. Male breadwinners, classified by nationality and general nativity:
Total number, and number and per cent employed as clerks,
stenographers, bookkeepers, etc....

791, 792

793, 794

8. Male breadwinners, classified by nationality and general nativity:
Total number, and number and per cent employed as sales-
men, etc....

9. Male breadwinners employed in professional service: Number and
per cent of foreign-born and of native white of foreign parentage
in each specified occupation..

10. Male breadwinners employed in professional service, classified by
general nativity and occupation: Number and per cent distribu-
tion...

11. Male breadwinners, classified by nationality and general nativity:
Total number, and number and per cent employed in professional
service.

795

796

797, 798

12. Male breadwinners, classified by nationality and general nativity:
Total number, and number and per cent employed in agricul-
tural pursuits

799,800

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