who can read and write is above 97. From the Commission's complete report on immigrants in cities it will be seen that the per cents of women who read and write are in general lower than the corresponding per cents of men. From the complete report it will also be seen that apparently little relation exists between the literacy of immigrants and their length of residence in the United States. The following table, however, indicates that the age of the immigrants at the time of their arrival in this country is an important factor in determining their ability to read and write: TABLE 45.-Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual. The vast majority of the 7,717 foreign-born male heads of households represented in this table were 14 years of age or over at the time of coming to the United States. Those who came at an early age are now able to read and write to a greater extent than are those who were 14 years of age or over when they came. This is true in the case of every race for which the percentages are comparable. Thus, among the South Italians, two-thirds of those who were children under 14 when they came are now able to read and write, while little more than half of those who were 14 years or over at the time of coming can now read and write. CITIZENSHIP. The status with respect to naturalization of immigrant heads of households who were 21 years of age or over at the time of coming to the United States and who therefore could become citizens only by their own initiative, is shown in the following table. Only persons are included who have been in this country long enough to acquire citizenship. TABLE 46.-Present political conditon of foreign-born male heads of households who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.] It will be seen that little more than half of the foreign-born male heads of households have taken out any naturalization papers. The proportion fully naturalized is only 37.6 per cent. The proportions vary considerably among the races, being much higher for the Germans, Irish, and Swedes than for others. Among the races represented in the table by more than 500 men, the proportions of citizens are: Poles 35.6 per cent, Russian Hebrews 33.6 per cent, and South Italians 31.7 per cent. ABSTRACT OF THE REPORT ON OCCUPATIONS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND For the complete report on occupations of the first and second generations of immigrants in the United States see Reports of the Immigration Commission, vol. 28. 773 TABLE 1. White male breadwinners of foreign parentage, classified by nation 778 ality and general nativity: Number and per cent distribution... 2. Male breadwinners, classified by nationality and general nativity: Total number, and number and per cent employed as laborers. 780, 781 3. Male breadwinners, classified by nationality and general nativity: Total number, and number and per cent employed as miners and quarrymen 782, 783 4. Male breadwinners, classified by nationality and general nativity: 784, 785 786, 787 5. Male breadwinners, classified by nationality and general nativity: 6. Male breadwinners, classified by nationality and general nativity: 789, 790 7. Male breadwinners, classified by nationality and general nativity: 791, 792 793, 794 8. Male breadwinners, classified by nationality and general nativity: 9. Male breadwinners employed in professional service: Number and 10. Male breadwinners employed in professional service, classified by 11. Male breadwinners, classified by nationality and general nativity: 795 796 797, 798 12. Male breadwinners, classified by nationality and general nativity: 799,800 |