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into which they came. This made them distrustful and unwilling to take advice, even from intelligent Russian-speaking residents of the Territory. The long period in quarantine was demoralizing, and during this time rumors were spread among them to the effect that the Government could be forced to return them to their native country. and in addition pay them a large sum of money. Similar rumors, some of them of even wilder character, have constantly circulated among the Russians in Honolulu since the difficulties immediately attendant upon their arrival have ceased, and such rumors seem to find ready credence, one of the most recent being that a large sum of money for use in their behalf has been raised by sympathizers in the eastern States.

An additional source of trouble was the fact that the new arrivals did not consist to any extent of persons accustomed to agriculture. As the recruiting took place in winter, and under a system of per capita payment for all immigrants accepted from the recruiting agents, the tendency was to procure principally persons from the cities and towns. These turned out to be in many instances skilled tradesmen and petty merchants, draymen, railway employees, and others accustomed to a different class of work and a different style of living from that of the agricultural laborers, either of their own country or of Hawaii. Many of these men found employment in Honolulu at wages two or three times greater than those paid on the plantations. The plantation laborers, envying their more fortunate comrades, and not fully understanding the reason for the higher compensation these received, became increasingly dissatisfied with their condition and with any employment in the country.

The outcome of the difficulties arising with this new immigration was that several hundred Russians encamped under temporary shelters on the edge of one of the slum districts of Honolulu. Å number of the more enterprising and competent secured city employment and very soon established themselves in houses and tenements, under approximately the same conditions as the resident laboring population. Several hundred-about one-third of the total number of immigrants-went out to the plantations, where most of them remain to the present time.

Little by little the laborers who took up a vagrant mode of life at the camp above mentioned have been absorbed by the other laboring population and have removed to better quarters. A certain number still live in the hovels they first erected, but in most instances these men belonged, prior to their arrival in Honolulu, to the vagrant class, and have adopted in their new home the manner of living to which they were accustomed in Russia.

In October, 1910, about six months after the Russian immigration ceased, the Board of Immigration investigated the condition of the residents of that nationality in Honolulu, with the following results:

The Russian-speaking agent of the board visited practically all the dependent and unemployed Russian families in the city, as well as a large number of those having regular employment. Those from whom information was not obtained were the exceptionally well to do, who did not wish to be made the subjects of a social investigation, and a few employed single men who could not readily be found during the hours the agent was in the field.

There were interviewed 69 married men with their wives and children, 19 married women whose husbands were absent from the city (in some cases in California), 52 single men, and 9 single women, the total number of persons represented by the interviews being 389. Of the 69 heads of families 37 were regularly employed, 22 were irregularly employed as casual laborers, and 10 were unemployed. Of the 52 single men 30 were regularly employed, 11 were working irregularly, and 11 were unemployed. Two of the single women had regular positions, 2 worked irregularly, and 4 reported no employment. Two of the married women whose husbands were in the city worked regularly and 7 of those whose husbands were out of the city had constant employment. Of the children 11 boys and 7 girls were working and 18 boys and 22 girls were attending public school. The wages of the married men varied from $1 to $3 per day, the average wage for all those regularly employed being $1.84 per day. The wages of the single men varied from $1 to $2 a day, the average wage being $1.47. Women and children earned all the way from $2 per week, this lowest wage reported being for a young girl working in a cannery, to $2 per day. The pay of those working as servants was about $3 per week. Of the 121 ‍adult males, 30 had, at some time during their six months' stay in Hawaii, worked on the plantation.

In regard to tenement-house conditions 45 families out of the 69, and practically all of the single women, were living in cottages and tenements scattered throughout the city under practically the same conditions as the rest of the laboring population. Thirty-four of the 52 single men were also boarding or living in similar tenements.

Seventeen families, 1 single woman, and 11 single men were living in houses in a slum district of the city. Most of these were not attracted to this district so much by the cheapness of the rent or the immoral conditions prevailing in the neighborhood as by the fact that it was adjacent to one of the large pineapple canneries, where many members of these families were employed. Seven families and 7 single men, and 2 women, whose husbands were absent from the city, a total of 43 persons, were still living in the Iwilei camp, in which the Russians settled immediately after leaving quarantine. The population of this camp varied at different times from 20 to 40 or 50 people. In some cases, where the head of a family was dissipated, a period of unemployment or a protracted spree would bring the family back to the camp after a few weeks or months in better quarters. Thirty-six of the 52 single men and 56 of the 69 married men were able to read and write. In addition to the 40 children attending public school about 70 adults and minors attended night school at Palama Settlement.

Considering the mildness of the climate and the consequent absence of many expenses necessary in a northern city, and even allowing for the greater cost of some necessities of life in Honolulu, as compared with the mainland, the average condition of these immigrants six months after their arrival was probably equal to that of immigrants coming under similar conditions to an Atlantic seaport. Nearly one-third of the Russians who came to Honolulu during the first four months of 1910, were able, during the next four months, to save sufficient money to pay the passage of themselves and their families to the coast. Many of those migrating from Siberia had

California in mind as their destination when they accepted passage to Honolulu from the Territorial government. Allowance must be made for the fact that certain of these immigrants brought with them small sums of money, in some instances doubtless sufficient to pay their passage from Honolulu to the Pacific coast.

In many respects the Russians as a body were superior to any other equally large group of assisted laborers ever brought to Hawaii. Their faults, and the problems their arrival presented, were the faults and the problems that would probably attend a labor importation of equal size from the mainland of the United States. Had these Russians come to a country not already occupied in a large degree by oriental labor, their distribution to the plantations would have been much easier and a larger proportion would have been contented to remain permanently in Hawaii. The problem of their settlement was not entirely an economic one; it was, in no slight degree, a problem of climate and of contact with alien races. In no case that has come to the attention of the Board of Immigration have the Russians been illtreated, nor have they been deceived and imposed upon to any serious extent, except by the more intelligent and less scrupulous of their own nationality.

The embarrassments attending the arrival of the Russians in Honolulu, and their settlement on the plantations or in urban pursuits, were so great that the board returned to their homes several hundred Russians who were already embarked on their way to Hawaii, and further immigration from this source has been entirely discontinued. There are some reasons for thinking, however, that the immigration of 1909-10 was but the pioneer stage of what may prove to be a considerably larger movement, and one of permanent importance not only to Hawaii but to the Pacific coast. The economic condition of the laborer, not only in California but even in Hawaii, is better than in Manchuria. Many of the Russians now settled in the Territory desire to bring over friends and relatives from their native country. When the present Russian colony becomes more fully assimilated, so that the residents of that nationality in Hawaii understand local conditions, speak the English language, and afford a medium of communication between the people of the Territory and future immigrants, it is not improbable that further immigration of the same character may be solicited. However, the policy of bringing over large parties at one time is not likely to be resumed. It is possible that the prepayment of passages will no longer prove necessary.

This closes the history of promoted emigration to Hawaii up to the autumn of 1910. In August, 1910, a representative of the board was sent to Madeira and Portugal to secure further emigrants from that vicinity. The recent revolution has interrupted his work, but an effort is being made to dispatch future emigrants from southern Europe via the Tehuantepec Peninsula or Panama, thus preparing the way for a shorter immigration channel than around Cape Horn. Undoubtedly with the opening of the canal immigration conditions in Hawaii will be greatly modified.

IMMIGRATION STATISTICS.

Complete statistics of immigration to Hawaii are not to be obtained, because these figures do not include the movement of popula

tion to and from the Pacific coast and the insular dependencies of the United States. Fairly complete statistics of the oriental immigration and emigration, however, are available. The figures are not absolutely accurate, as they do not take account of a small migration by sailing vessels and occasional steamers sailing from Hawaii to America from ports other than Honolulu. From June 14, 1900, the date the islands became a Territory, to June 30, 1910, the number of Japanese, Chinese, and Koreans who arrived in Honolulu from any outside territory of the United States or from foreign lands, and the number who departed from Hawaii for such other territories or countries, was as follows:

TABLE 3.-Arrival and departures of orientals, Honolulu, June 14, 1900, to June 30, 1910.

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a This difference is presumably due principally to the natural increase of population. There may be some inaccuracies in the immigration statistics, but these are probably slight and tend to check each other. The increase may be given as larger than the true increase, because a smaller proportion of the total oriental population may have been enumerated in 1900 than in 1910. The birth rate and death rate of orientals

in Hawaii, especially Japanese, is modified by three abnormal conditions, (a) a disproportionate number of males, which tends to lower percentage birth rate; (b) a disproportionate number of adults of both sexes in the prime of life, which tends to lower death rate and to increase birth rate; (c) the practically universal marriage of females. Children are recorded separately only after December 31, 1904. Before that date they are included with males and females.

The census figures show the net loss or gain of Japanese and Chinese residents of Hawaii during the decade between 1900 and 1910, a period corresponding very closely with that for which the immigration figures are taken. These figures indicate a natural increase of Japanese amounting to over 16,000, and a natural increase of Chinese, counteracted, however, by a large emigration, exceeding 5,000. In each case these figures are approximately 25 per cent of the average population of the respective nationalities for the decade. The three oriental nationalities show a net loss, by the excess of departures over arrivals, of 2,690 since the Territory became a part of the United States. The female population, however, increased from immigration sources 4,318, the total decrease being due chiefly to the departure of children for the Orient, where it is cheaper than it is in Hawaii to support and educate them while they are nonproducers.

So much for the oriental population alone. After the beginning of 1905 fairly accurate figures are available showing the arrivals and departures, not only of orientals, but of Portuguese, Spaniards, and Porto Ricans, who in the following table are grouped together as Iberians, and of Filipinos, Hindus. and Russians. These figures are set forth in the following table:

TABLE 4.-Arrivals and departures, certain immigrant races, Hawaii, 1905 to 1909, and first six months of 1910.

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Total.... 44, 392 9,005 3,656 27,857 2, 8012, 475 13, 632 3,774 5,516 41, 489 6,575 7, 991 +2, 903 +2, 430-4,335

a Portuguese, Spaniards, and Porto Ricans.

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