for certain improvements, and nearly every betterment has come as a result of such local strikes. When there is a scarcity of laborers the demands are ordinarily granted and thereafter serve as precedents for the community.

GENERAL SOCIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE IMMIGRANTS IN RURAL COMMUNITIES FROM WHOM INFORMATION WAS SECURED.

In the following tables data for the total number of immigrants engaged in agriculture for whom detailed information was secured are presented. The data from which these tables were compiled were collected from a number of scattered groups of immigrants in widely separated localities and engaged in various forms of agriculture. No locality is represented by more than fifty households, and the tables are therefore significant only of the racial tendencies of the immigrants who have entered agriculture and can not well be used as a basis for fixed conclusions.

The table first submitted shows the number of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual:

TABLE 8.-Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.

In the preceding table it is seen that data were obtained for 5,017 persons, 2,708 of whom were males and 2,309 females. Of the total number 3.3 per cent were native-born of native father white, 53 per cent were native-born of foreign father, and 43.8 per cent were foreignborn. The higher percentages of the persons tabulated were of the Italian, Polish, and Hebrew races, which aggregate 42.8 per cent of the native-born of foreign father and 33.5 per cent of the foreignborn, or 76.3 per cent of the total. Poles show the largest percentage of native-born of foreign father, followed by South Italians, North Italians, and Hebrews, in the order mentioned. Among the foreignborn the same races lead, though in different order. Including native-born of foreign father, Bohemians and Moravians constitute 3.9 per cent, Slovaks 2.7 per cent, Japanese 2.4 per cent, and Portuguese 2.3 percent of the total. Foreign-born Japanese, Poles, and South Italians show larger numbers of males than of females, while Hebrews and Slovaks show slightly larger numbers of females than of males. The table next submitted shows the number of persons within each age group, by sex, and by general nativity and race of head of household instead of individual.

TABLE 9.-Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativity and race of head of household.

[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

TABLE 9.-Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativity and race of head of household-Continued.

The foregoing table furnishes data for 5,016 persons, 16.6 per cent of whom are under 6 years of age, 23.8 per cent from 6 to 13 years, 27.6 per cent from 14 to 29 years, and 31.9 per cent 30 years of age or over. Approximately one-third of the Portuguese, one-fourth of the Lithuanians, and one-fifth of the Slovaks are under 6 years of age, while the Bohemians and Moravians, Hebrews, Italians, and Poles exhibit the largest percentages who are 45 years of age or over. Of the foreign-born the Portuguese show the smallest percentage 20 years of age or over, followed by South Italians, Poles, and Slovaks; the Japanese report only 7.6 per cent under 20 years old, more than 50 per cent of this race being 20 to 29 years of age. Females show larger percentages than are shown by males in each age period under 16 years and smaller proportions in each of the following periods with the exception of 30 to 44 years of age.

The table following shows the per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number of years, by race of individual:

TABLE 10.-Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number of years, by race of individual.

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 20 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Data are presented in the preceding table for 2,190 persons, 18.4 per cent of whom have been in the United States under five years, 37.2 per cent under ten years, and 64.8 per cent under twenty years. With the exception of the Flemish, the Poles have had the longest period of residence in the United States, 68.2 per cent having been here more than twenty years and only 4 per cent less than five years. The Magyars, South Italians, Bohemians and Moravians, and Germans show fairly large percentages in this country twenty years or over and small proportions here under five years. The largest proportion in the United States ten years or over is shown by the Flemish, with 85.7 per cent, followed by the Poles, South Italians, and Germans in the order mentioned. The Japanese show the shortest period of residence, only 0.9 per cent having been here ten years or over, while 83.9 per cent have been here under five years.

The next table is interesting in this connection as showing the number and per cent of heads of families who have been in the locality each specified number of years, by general nativity and race of individual.

TABLE 11.-Number and per cent of heads of families who have been in locality each specified number of years, by general nativity and race of individual.

The preceding table presents data for 875 heads of families, 837 of whom are foreign-born and 38 native-born of foreign father. The table shows that 22.8 per cent of the foreign-born have been in their present locality under five years, 18.9 per cent five to nine years, 28.6 per cent ten to nineteen years, and 29.7 per cent twenty years or over. Eighty-five and seven-tenths per cent of the Japanese have been in their present locality under five years, compared with 48 per cent of the Slovaks, 47.8 per cent of the Hebrews, and much smaller percentages of the other races. The table indicates a comparatively long period in agriculture for the Germans, Poles, and South Italians, more

than two-thirds of the families of these races having resided in their present locality ten years or over. The largest proportion in the locality five to nine years is shown by the Portuguese, with 60 per cent.

The number and per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual, are shown in the table following.

TABLE 12.-Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual.

[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

General nativity and race

of individual.

MALE.

20 to 29 years of 30 to 44 years of 45 years of age or 20 years of age or