for the fiscal years 1892 to 1895, inclusive, when the total immigration as presented in the monograph differs from that presented in annual reports of the Commissioner-General of Immigration, the Commission accepted it as the basis of the present compilation. For the period since 1903 the data presented have been taken from annual reports of the Commissioner-General of Immigration. Since 1899 immigrants have been recorded by "race or people" as well as by country of birth or origin, and considerable data compiled on this basis have been utilized in the preparation of this abstract."

The basis of enumeration varied during the ninety-one years covered by the statistics of the Commission, and this fact should be borne in mind in comparing years. For 1820 to 1867 the data are for "alien passengers arriving;" for 1868 to 1903, for "immigrants arriving;" for 1904 to 1906, for "aliens admitted;" and for 1907 to 1910, for "immigrant aliens admitted."

NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS, 1820 TO 1910.

The table which appears below shows the immigration to the United States for each year from 1820 to 1910, inclusive.

TABLE 1.-Immigration to the United States, 1820 to 1910.

[Compiled from official sources. For 1820 to 1867 the figures are for alien passengers arriving; for 1868 to 1903, for immigrants arriving; for 1904 to 1906, for aliens admitted; and for 1907 to 1910, for immigrant aliens admitted. The years from 1820 to 1831 and from 1844 to 1849, inclusive, are those ending September 30; 1833 to 1842 and 1851 to 1867, inclusive, those ending December 31; 1869 to 1910, those ending June 30.]

The number of immigrants in 1910 was 1,041,570. This number has been exceeded only in 1906 and 1907, and it is almost equal to one-half the number during the thirty-one years from 1820 to 1850. The figures given are summarized by decades in the table next presented.

TABLE 2.-Immigration to the United States, 1820 to 1910, by decade. [Compiled from official sources. For 1820 to 1867 the figures are for alien passengers arriving; for 1868 to 1903, for immigrants arriving; for 1904 to 1906, for aliens admitted; and for 1907 to 1910, for immigrant aliens admitted.]

The number arriving during the decade from 1901 to 1910 was 8,795,386, which is more than 60 per cent higher than the greatest number arriving during any previous decade and almost two and four-tenths times as many as the number arriving during the decade from 1891 to 1900. Of the total immigration during the ninety-one years, 31.5 per cent came during the decade from 1901 to 1910; 18.8 per cent came during the decade from 1881 to 1890; and 13.2 per cent came during the decade from 1891 to 1900.

The average number of immigrants during the past ten years has been 879,539; during the ten years from 1891 to 1900 the average was 368,756; and during the ten years from 1881 to 1890 the average was 524,661.

IMMIGRATION BY SEX, 1820 TO 1910.

Although the act of 1819, as previously shown, required that arriving immigrants be recorded by sex, no satisfactory compilation of these data prior to the year 1869 has been made. The earlier reports of the Secretary of State to Congress, however, contain partial data on this subject, and the Commission has compiled such data to show the approximate sex distribution from 1820 to 1867, inclusive. This compilation is made on the basis of years ending June 30 during the period under consideration, and consequently can not be compared with the annual immigration from 1820 to 1867 as shown in Table 1, for the reason that the last mentioned data, as explained in that table, are for entirely different fiscal years. Therefore the percentages given in the table which follows can not possibly be reduced to numbers.

Moreover, as previously explained, the data are not complete, as in most years during the period a considerable number of immigrants were admitted for whom sex was not reported; but on the whole the percentages may be accepted as fairly representative of the sex distribution in the years considered.

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TABLE 3.-Per cent distribution (approximate) immigration to the United States, by sex, for years ending June 30, 1820 to 1867.

The total immigration to the United States for the fiscal years ending June 30, 1868 to 1910, and the distribution by sex from 1869 to 1910, are shown in the following table. Data relative to the sex of immigrants admitted during the fiscal year 1868 are not available.

TABLE 4.-Immigration to the United States, by sex, for years ending June 30, 1868 to 1910.

[Compiled from official sources. For 1868 to 1903 the figures are for immigrants arriving; for 1904 to 1906, for aliens admitted; and for 1907 to 1910, for immigrant aliens admitted.]

TABLE 4.-Immigration to the United States, by sex, for years ending June 30, 1868 to 1910-Continued.

During the period 1820-1867, approximately 59.6 per cent of the immigrants were males. From 1869 to 1910 the percentage of males was 64.9. Of every 1,000 immigrants in 1910, 707 were males and 293 were females. This means that among the immigrants there were 2.4 times as many males as females. During each of the past eleven years more than twice as many males as females have arrived in the United States, except in 1908, when the proportion of males was slightly lower. In 1907 the proportion of males was 724 per thousand immigrants, which was the highest proportion since 1830.

The statistics relative to sex of immigrants are summarized in the table which follows:

TABLE 5.-Immigration to the United States, by sex, for periods specified, 1820 to 1910. [Compiled from official sources. For 1820 to 1867 the figures are for alien passengers arriving; for 1868 to 1903, for immigrants arriving; for 1904 to 1906, for aliens admitted; and for 1907 to 1910, for immigrant aliens admitted.]

As will be noted from Table 3 the data, so far as they are available, show that in some years during the period 1820 to 1830 the proportion of males in the immigration movement was larger than at any subsequent period. During that period as a whole there were 700 males per 1,000 immigrants for whom sex was reported, while during the last decade, 1901 to 1910, the proportion was 698 males per 1,000 immigrants admitted. The lowest proportion of males was during the decade from 1851 to 1860, when there were 580 males per 1,000.

COUNTRY OF ORIGIN, 1820 TO 1910.

With respect to origin of the immigration to the United States a remarkable change has taken place. More than 70 per cent of the present immigration is from the south and east of Europe and only about 20 per cent is from the north and west of Europe. Two decades ago more than 70 per cent was from the north and west of Europe and less than 20 per cent from the south and east of Europe. The table next presented shows for each year from 1820 to 1910 the number of immigrants from the countries of northern and western Europe, from those of southern and eastern Europe, and from all other countries. The table also shows for each year the per cent of the immigrants from each of the three sources.

a

For the period from 1820 to 1910, 92.3 per cent of the immigrants for whom country of origin was reported came from Europe, 58 per cent being from the north and west of Europe, and 34.2 per cent from the south and east of Europe. Only a very small proportion of the immigrants came from the south and east of Europe until in the late eighties. The proportion from that section of Europe reached 25 per cent for the first time in 1887. A notable shifting of the source of immigration took place between 1895 and 1896. In 1895, 54.7 per cent of the immigrants came from the north and west of Europe and 43.2 per cent from the south and east of Europe. In 1896, only 40 per cent came from the north and west of Europe and 57 per cent came from the south and east of Europe. The change in the character of immigration, as far as source is concerned, is clearly shown by Table 7, page 64, which summarizes the data concerning source of immigration by decades.

a Including Turkey in Asia.