The following statement shows the period of immigration of each foreign race employed in the glass establishments of Community E and the industries each has entered:

TABLE 106.-Period of immigration of foreign races employed in Community E, and industries entered.

This community, which is located in eastern Missouri, has been developed industrially since the year 1875. In that year an important plate-glass company entered the town and erected a glass factory which now gives employment to about 600 persons. Native Americans, English, Slovaks, Roumanians, and Poles compose the labor forces of the plant, as well as the population of the town, which was estimated at 1,600 individuals in 1909. This glass factory is the only industrial establishment in the community, and the history of its development is the industrial and racial history of the community. The factory was established with a working force of about 100 English skilled glass workers, and an equal number of native Americans employed in the unskilled occupations. At the time the plant was established glass making was a new enterprise in the United States, while in England, France, and Belgium it was numbered among the most important industries. It was impossible, therefore, to secure skilled native glass workers, and in turning to the European labor markets for the supply of skilled workmen required to operate the factory the officials of the new company gave the preference to the English glass workers in that they spoke a common language. The English glass workers who were imported by the factory at this time formed the first immigrant colony in the town.

From the year of establishment until 1906 no appreciable increase was made in the number of employees in the factory, although machines and modern methods were slowly introduced. In the latter part of the year 1906 the plant was enlarged, and a demand created for additional labor which resulted in the importation of a group of 40 Roumanians, which people had been successfully employed in the glass factories in the eastern States. The institution of machinery had made necessary the employment of larger numbers of unskilled workmen, and as the experiment with the Roumanians was successful, a number of Slovaks and Poles were imported in 1909.

The colonies which these races formed in the town have been enlarged from time to time by immigrants seeking employment.

About 50 per cent of the total population of the town at the present time is composed of recent immigrants, while the racial composition of the glass factory is about 50 per cent native American, 25 per cent English, 12 per cent Slovak, 8 per cent Roumanian, and 5 per cent Polish. The present immigration is chiefly made up of Slovaks, Roumanians, and Poles.

OIL REFINING INDUSTRY.

A conception of the part which members of races of recent and past immigration have had in the development of the oil-refining industry and the extent to which they are employed at the present time may be obtained from a study of the racial movements to and racial composition of communities which have had their establishment and growth in connection with oil refining. For this reason the history of immigration to two representative oil-refining communities is set forth below: (1) To Whiting, Indiana, which is a city of the Middle West, the labor and capital of which are almost exclusively engaged in oil refining, and (2) to Bayonne, New Jersey, which is a city of the same description in the East, the industries of which, however, are somewhat more diversified than those of Whiting.

The city of Whiting is located on the shores of Lake Michigan, in the extreme northwestern corner of the State of Indiana, about 17 miles southeast of the city of Chicago, Illinois. It was first settled about the year 1850 by a few native American and German families, who formed a small village. These early settlers lived on the produce of the sandy ranges of the district and by fishing and hunting. From year to year the population of this settlement was increased by German immigrants seeking homes, until in 1890 the number of persons in the village was about 200.

During the latter part of the year 1889 a petroleum-refining company entered the community and began the erection of an extensive refinery. In order to build the plant it was found necessary to import large numbers of workmen from other parts of the United States, the majority of whom were native Americans and Irish transferred from other establishments of the company, chiefly from a refinery in Cleveland, Ohio. When the plant was opened, in 1890, practically the same laborers who had been employed to erect it were placed in the several departments to carry on the operations. Following closely upon this event a general immigration to the community began, composed chiefly of Poles, Slovaks, Croatians, and Magyars, who came seeking employment. From year to year, after this period, the community increased in population until 1900, when the census of the United States placed the population at 3,983. In 1895 the community was incorporated under a town charter, and on May 4, 1903, was granted a city charter. The estimated population in 1909 was 7,000 individuals, 65 per cent, or 4,550, being composed of immigrant aliens, and 35 per cent made up of native Americans.

The following statement shows the racial composition in 1909, by number of families and number of individuals:

TABLE 107.-Estimated population of Whiting, Indiana, 1909, by race.

Since the entrance of the first Austro-Hungarian races about 1890 there has been an annual immigration, not alone of the Poles, Slovaks, Croatians, and Magyars, but of other races, including Swedes, English, Welsh, North Italians, Bohemians, Lithuanians, Ruthenians, and Hebrews. The Slovak immigration during this period has been the heaviest, and at present the number of Slovaks in Whiting is greater than that of any other one race except the Americans. It is stated by old residents of the city that many of the immigrants who entered the community shortly after the opening of the refinery are still living in the locality. Industrially, Whiting is at the present time essentially an oil-refining community. The petroleum refinery is the only industrial establishment located in the city, and among the employees will be found represented nearly all races living in the community.

The territory upon which Bayonne, N. J., now stands was settled by the Holland Dutch during the period from 1646 to 1664. The present city of Bayonne was first incorporated in 1869, at which time the population was composed of the descendants of the early settlers, together with quite a number of Irish who came in about four years previous. The Germans settled in the locality shortly after the Irish, and for some time the representatives of these races largely predominated as laborers. About the same time the English, Scotch, and Welsh came to Bayonne, although a few English were among the early settlers. The combined numbers of these races, however, have never constituted a large proportion of the population. A small number of Swedes came to the locality prior to 1880, but the period of their greatest influx was from 1880 to 1882. From 1880 to 1885 large numbers of Slovaks, Ruthenians, and Poles, in the order named, and in 1887 many Magyars, settled in Bayonne. These, the first of the more recent immigrants to come to this locality, were almost exclusively employed in an oil refinery. The Russian Jews and Italians settled in considerable numbers from 1896 to 1900, although the largest proportions of these have come in within the past six or seven years. A number of other races also are represented, but those mentioned are considered to have been the most important factor in building up the larger industries of the locality.

SILK GOODS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY.

The racial movements to the silk goods manufacturing industry may be best illustrated by the history of immigration to Paterson, New Jersey, the principal silk goods manufacturing center in the United States.

The silk industry was established in Paterson by English immigrants in 1854, but these people did not come in large numbers until 1870. A few Scotch and Irish immigrants were included in this early movement. During the late seventies experienced French operatives were persuaded to leave their native land and come to the silk mills of Paterson. A few left the mills in Paterson and returned to France in 1888 and 1890, and practically all of them returned to their native country in the early nineties because of the closing of a number of the mills on account of the industrial depression that occurred during that period. English immigration continued more or less steadily up to 1890, when the Italians entered the industry. The Italians obtained their first employment in the silk mills during that period from 1888 to 1890 when several strikes occurred among the dye workers, although quite a number of them had settled in Paterson and had been employed in other occupations five or six years previously. The large increase, however, in the percentage of Italian workmen dates from 1896-97. Although the Poles first entered the community in 1898, several years prior to the Russian Hebrews, they were not employed in the silk mills until later. Only a very small number of the Armenians who came to Paterson in 1901 and who were employed in the silk mills remain, preferring, it seems, to obtain employment in localities with a larger population of their own race. Only very small numbers of German and Swiss immigrants have ever been employed in the silk mills of Paterson, and these came in the days of the early expansion of the industry.

LEATHER TANNING, CURRYING, AND FINISHING.

The racial movements to and substitutions in the leather manufacturing industry are represented by the history of immigration to the principal divisions of the industry: (1) To the leather tanning and finishing establishments of Wilmington, Delaware; (2) to the glazed-kid branch of the industry in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and (3) to the tanneries of western Pennsylvania and Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

At the time the leather tanning and finishing industry in Wilmington, Delaware, was established forty or more years ago, the immigrants chiefly employed were the Germans, Scandinavians, and Irish. The employment of these immigrants decreased after the introduction of machinery in the industry about fifteen years ago, and has now practically ceased. Among the more recent immigrants only the Poles and Italians appear to have become a factor in the operation of the various plants. Although both Poles and Italians obtained employment in the leather factories about twenty years ago, the majority of employees of these races were employed a few years later, when there was an increased demand for unskilled labor.

Until twelve or fifteen years ago the employees in the glazed-kid industry in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, were practically all Americans, Irish, and Germans. As a result of a new process adopted

about that time less skilled labor was required, and it was then that the more recent immigrants to the United States were employed. The first of the more recent immigrants to be employed were the Poles, but they were so quickly followed by the Slovaks, Magyars, South Italians, Armenians, and Greeks that there was practically no difference in the time of employment. The Irish and native Americans still constitute about 50 per cent of all employees, while among the more recent immigrants the Poles predominate.

In the early days of the tanning industry in western Pennsylvania the Irish, Germans, and Swedes were the principal employees. Occasionally a few Danes and Swiss were employed, but these people, like the Irish and Germans, were soon largely supplanted by the Swedes, who in turn are being supplanted by the more recent immigrants to the United States, such as the Slovaks, Poles, and Italians. The Slovaks obtained their first employment in this section of the State in 1885, and were followed by the Poles in 1890, while the Italians, who have become an important factor in the operation of some of the tanneries were not employed in any appreciable number until 1901. A few Belgians, French, and Macedonians have been employed since 1902, but not in sufficient numbers in any one tannery to have become a factor in its operation.

The Germans, Irish, Americans, and a few English and Scotch were the first employees in the tanning industry in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, with the Germans largely predominating. In all, about 18 different races are represented in this industry at the present time. The foreignborn races now a factor in the operation of the tanneries in this locality are the Germans, Poles, Greeks, Slovaks, Croatians, Lithuanians, Magyars, and Russians. The Poles were the first of the more recent immigrants to secure employment in this industry. Their employment to any extent first occurred in 1870. In 1877-78 they were strongly represented and have continued so until now, although there has been quite a falling off at various times. Russian Poles entered the industry in 1885, Italians in 1890, Croatians, Magyars, and Slovaks in 1892, and Lithuanians and Greeks in large numbers in 1903, although a few of the last named were employed in 1898-99. Representatives of the Swiss, Swedish, Danish, Bohemian, Finnish, Dutch, and Bulgarian races have been employed from time to time, but in such small numbers that their employment has attracted little or no attention.

EFFECT OF THE EMPLOYMENT OF RECENT IMMIGRANTS UPON LABOR ORGANIZATIONS.

The extensive employment of southern and eastern European immigrants in manufacturing and mining has in many places resulted in the weakening of labor organizations or in their complete disruption. This condition has been due to the character of the recent immigrant labor supply and to the fact that such large numbers of recent immigrants found employment in American industry within a short period of time. On account of their lack of industrial training and experience before reaching this country, their low standards of living as compared with native American wage-earners, their necessitous condition on finding employment in this country, and their tractability, the southern and eastern Europeans, as already noted, have been willing to accept the rates of compensation and the