over able to speak English, the Syrians being next in order, closely followed by the Hebrews.

The table which immediately follows shows, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race, the per cent of 246,673 employees of non-English-speaking races who were able to speak English:

TABLE 96.-Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 200 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all non-English-speaking races.]

TABLE 96.-Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race-Continued.

These tabulations were planned to show the relative adaptiveness and progress of immigrants of a younger as compared with those of an older age, according to the time of their arrival in this country. The significant fact disclosed by the grand total for both sexes is that a much greater proportion of the immigrants who were under 14 years of age when they came to the United States are able to speak English at the present time than of those who were 14 years of age or over when they immigrated to this country. This condition of affairs is due not only to the greater adaptability of the

younger immigrants, but also to their greater opportunities in the way of attending the public school and in mingling with native Americans. The females, as compared with the males, exhibit not only smaller proportions able to speak English, but also a less degree of advancement among those less than 14 years old when they arrived in this country.

The relative progress in acquiring the ability to speak English of the younger or older immigrants in the households studied, according to their age at the time of arrival in the United States, is shown in the table which immediately follows:

TABLE 97.-Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all non-English-speaking races.]

Of the total number of foreign-born individuals who were less than 14 years of age at the time of their arrival in this country 86.6 per cent, as shown by the table above, can now speak English, while of those who were 14 years of age or older when they came to the United States only 44.9 per cent are now able to speak the English language. The same greater adaptability and progress among the younger, as contrasted with the older immigrants, is indicated in the case of each

race, the most marked difference in favor of the younger immigrants being noticeable in the case of the Brava, Bulgarian, Greek, Magyar, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Ruthenian, Slovak, and Slovenian races.

CITIZENSHIP.

The following table shows, by race, the present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in the United States five years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming to this country:

TABLE 98.-Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]

The tendency toward a permanent residence in the United States. on the part of the various foreign-born races may be readily seen by a study of the foregoing table, which shows that of the 68,942 foreignborn male employees concerning whom information was obtained, exactly one-third are fully naturalized, and that an additional 16 per cent have secured first papers. In other words, a fraction less than 50 per cent of these foreign-born employees have either become full citizens or intend to become such. On account of the difference in the length of time the various races have been coming to the United States, a comparison of the older with the more recent immigrants is hardly fair. For this reason it is considered best to separate the races into two groups, one including all races of older immigration and the other all races of more recent immigration. When this is done it is seen that about seven-tenths of the older, as compared with about three-tenths of the more recent, have either become fully naturalized or declared their intent to become so. Although one race may show a much larger proportion fully naturalized than some other, this other race may, and in many instances does, show a much larger proportion with first papers only. Therefore the only natural conclusion to be drawn is that the one with the largest proportion fully naturalized was quicker than the other to appreciate the advantages to be gained by becoming citizens. This is perhaps better illustrated by the recent immigrants than by the older. For instance, the Italians (race not specified) show 35 per cent fully naturalized and only 10 per cent additional holding first papers, while the Austrians show 22.1 per cent fully naturalized, but an additional 31 per cent holding first papers. Thus it will be seen that the Austrians have in reality manifested greater interest in American citizenship than have the Italians. For this reason it is considered best to combine the proportion of each race fully naturalized with the additional proportion with only first papers. By such a combination it will be seen that the interest in acquiring citizenship manifested by the more recent immigrant races ranges as follows: