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One of the most striking contrasts exhibited by the foregoing table is the greater dependence of native-born than of foreign-born families exclusively upon the earnings of heads, 60.3 per cent of the former and only 38 per cent of the latter relying entirely upon the wages of the head of the family for their support. The totals as to the proportion of families having an income from contributions of husbands and children are about the same in the case of each nativity group, the large extent to which children in the families of the races of old immigration contribute to the family support doubtless offsetting the almost entire lack of such source of income in case of the families of southern and eastern European immigrants. The fact already mentioned as to the dependence of families the heads of which were foreign-born upon the contributions of boarders or lodgers is even more strikingly set forth in the table under discussion than in the one preceding, 25.5 per cent of the foreign-born families as contrasted with only 6.5 per cent of the total native-born having an income entirely from husbands and boarders or lodgers. As regards the families of the several races, the tendencies exhibited may be more quickly seen by the division of the families the heads of which were foreign-born into two groups, according to whether the heads were of old or recent arrival in the United States. In making this division only the principal races and sources of income are considered.

TABLE 62.-Old and new immigration compared with respect to source of family income of the foreign-born, by race.

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The above comparison emphasizes the differences already noted in the discussion for the nativity groups. It is worthy of note, however, that the families or members of races of old immigration from Great

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Britain and northern Europe receive a greater proportion of the family income from the earnings of heads, the contributions of children, and unspecified sources, while the southern and eastern Europeans derive their income mainly from the earnings of husbands and the contributions of boarders or lodgers. That contributions of children are less general in the latter class of families is probably due to the fact that children of these households have not in any considerable proportions reached working age. The fact that a larger proportion of old than of more recent immigrant families depend upon sources of income other than those specified arises from the fact that the former have been in the United States for a longer period of time and have consequently entered into more diversified occupations.

THE IMMIGRANT AND ORGANIZED LABOR.

The extent to which industrial workers are members of labor organizations is set forth in the following table, which shows, by general nativity and race of individual, affiliation with trade unions of 24,594 males in the households studied who were 21 years of age or over and who were working for wages:

TABLE 63.-Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over who are working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual.

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TABLE 63.-Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over who are working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual-Continued.

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Upon reference to the preceding table, it is seen that only a very small proportion, amounting to but 13.5 per cent, of the total number of wage-earners studied were members of labor organizations. A very slightly greater proportion, less than 1 per cent, of the nativeborn than of the foreign-born, and only one-half of 1 per cent more of the native-born white of native father than of the foreign-born, were affiliated with labor unions. Of the wage-earners native-born of foreign father, the French Canadians, who are largely employed in the more skilled occupations of the cotton and woolen mills, show the highest degree of membership in labor organizations, followed, in the order named, by the Welsh, Irish, Germans, Slovaks, Swedes, English, Poles, and Bohemians and Moravians. The large proportion of negro unionists is not due to any special tendency on the part of this race to affiliate with labor organizations, but to the fact that the greater proportion of the small number of negroes for whom information was received were miners in unionized localities.

Of the wage-earners of foreign birth, the showing of the Cubans and Spanish are representative of these races only in the cigar and tobacco

factories in the South. The exhibit made by the Mexicans is also due to the fact that all the members of this race for whom information appears in the table were coal miners in the Southwest and had to join the labor unions before they could secure work. The comparative tendencies exhibited by the races of the older immigration from Great Britain and northern Europe, and of the more recent arrivals from southern and eastern Europe, are set forth in the following statement: TABLE 64.-Old and new immigration compared with respect to affiliation of the foreignborn with trade unions, by race.

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These figures must not, however, be taken as representative of racial tendencies except in a few cases, for the reason that the information shown for one race may be for but one or two industries in which the race is employed and which are so controlled by labor organizations that membership in the labor unions is necessary to secure employment. On the other hand, a race or several races may be employed in an industry or industries in which no labor unions exist. For example, the North Italians, who are extensively engaged in bituminous coal mining, are principally employed in the Middle West and Southwest, where the labor forces are controlled by the labor unions. On the other hand, the Slovaks are employed in largest numbers in the bituminous mines or coke plants of western Pennsylvania, where the influence of labor organizations is slight. The fact that certain races are most extensively employed in highly unionized localities and industries is indicative of comparatively greater assimilation and progressiveness on the part of the members of such races. For a more satisfactory study of racial tendencies in this respect, however, reference must be made to the situation among the wageearners in each industry where the variations in conditions of employment are unimportant.

RENT IN ITS RELATION TO STANDARD OF LIVING.

The rent payments made by the households studied the heads of which were wage-earners afford a valuable insight into the cost of living, but they are chiefly significant in their bearing upon standards and methods of living. Of the total number of 13,122 households studied which rented their apartments, the following table shows, by

general nativity and race of head of household, the average rent payments monthly per apartment, per room, and per person:

TABLE 65.-Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

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In the foregoing table it is seen that the highest average monthly rents per apartment, per room, and per person are paid by the households the heads of which were native-born white persons of native father. The monthly rent payments per apartment and per room of the households the heads of which were of native birth but of foreign father are practically the same as those of the households the heads of which were of native birth and of native father, but the monthly rent out

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