TABLE 47.-Average amount of daily earnings of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age, by general nativity and race and by industry-Continued. AVERAGE DAILY EARNINGS ACCORDING TO INDUSTRY AND GENERAL NATIVITY OF EMPLOYEE. The table which immediately follows shows, by general nativity and industry, the average daily earnings of male employees who were 18 years of age or over, and of those who were 14 and under 18 years of age. In the first age group are 138,375 wage-earners, and in the second 7,363. As in the case of all other tables of daily earnings, the following table represents a normal day and consequently tends to approximate the maximum earning capacity of employees. TABLE 48.-Average amount of daily earnings of male employees, by general nativity and industry.* *This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. • Not computed, owing to small number involved. Upon comparing the wage-earners 18 years of age or over according to industries, it is seen that the native-born whites of native father have the highest average daily earnings in the oil-refining establishments, followed, in the order named, by those engaged in construction work, bituminous coal mining, slaughtering and meat packing, and cigar and tobacco manufacturing. Of the industrial workers native-born of foreign father, the highest average daily earnings are shown in construction work, followed by oil refining, bituminous coal mining, slaughtering and meat packing, and cigar and tobacco manufacturing, in the order named. In the case of the foreign-born industrial workers, the highest earnings are exhibited by those employed in oil refining, followed in consecutive order by those engaged in the manufacture of cigars and tobacco, bituminous coal mining, slaughtering and meat packing, and construction work. Of those employed in cigar and tobacco factories, the foreign-born show an average daily wage of $2.21, as compared with $1.97 for the native white of native father, and $2.20 for the native-born of foreign father. In the case of the bituminous coal mine workers, an average daily wage of $2.19 is shown for the whole industry, $2.16 for the foreign-born workers, $2.38 for the native-born of foreign father, and $2.31 for the white of native birth and of native father. In the oil-refining plants and slaughtering and meat packing establishments, the native-born wage-earners show considerably higher average daily earnings than do those of foreign birth. Of the employees 14 and under 18 years of age, the foreign-born exhibit the highest average daily earnings, $1.65, in the bituminous coal mines, and the lowest, $1.22, in the oil refineries. The total native-born also exhibit the highest average daily earnings, amounting to $1.51, in the bituminous coal mines, and the lowest, $0.93 per day, in the manufacture of cigars and tobacco. The following table shows, by general nativity and industry, the average daily earnings of 14,416 female employees 18 years of age or over, and of 4,224 who were 14 and under 18 years of age. TABLE 49.-Average amount of daily earnings of female employees, by general nativity and industry.* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. a Not computed, owing to small number involved. The average daily earnings exhibited by the female industrial workers 18 years of age or over is $1.16. The native-born women show their highest average daily earnings, $1.37, in connection with the oil-refining industry, and the lowest, $1.13, among those employed in cigar and tobacco factories. The average for the total number of women of foreign birth is $1.20 a day in the two branches of manufacturing for which the averages have been computed. As regards the female wage-earners 14 and under 18 years of age, the average daily earnings are $0.93. The maximum for the nativeborn females is $1.11, earned by those employed in oil refineries, and the minimum is $0.89, earned by employees of cigar and tobacco factories. The foreign-born females in this age group show maximum daily earnings of $1.10 in the slaughtering and meat-packing industry, the minimum, of $1.05, being in the manufacture of cigars and tobacco. AVERAGE HOURLY EARNINGS IN THE SLAUGHTERING AND MEATPACKING INDUSTRY, ACCORDING TO GENERAL NATIVITY AND RACE OF EMPLOYEE. The following table shows, by general nativity and race, the average hourly earnings of male employees 18 years of age or over employed in the slaughtering and meat-packing industry. The returns for a large number of employees in this industry are shown on an hourly basis for the reason that irregularity in working conditions renders a longer period less satisfactory. The figures represent the maximum earning capacity of employees. TABLE 50.-Average amount of hourly earnings of male employees 18 years of age or over in slaughtering and meat packing, by general nativity and race.* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. a Not computed, owing to small number involved. The following table shows, by general nativity and race, the average hourly earnings of female employees who were 18 years of age or over and who were employed in slaughtering and meat packing: TABLE 51.-Average amount of hourly earnings of female employees 18 years of age or over in slaughtering and meat packing, by general nativity and race.* *This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. a Not computed, owing to small number involved. Employees in this industry 14 and under 18 years of age were represented by numbers too small to admit of computations for separate races. For the total male employees in this age group, however, average hourly earnings were found to be $0.166, the total native-born males reporting $0.171. The average hourly earnings for the total female employees 14 and under 18 years of age were $0.151, and for the total foreign-born females $0.163. ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALE HEADS OF FAMILIES. The table which immediately follows shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the range in annual earnings of male heads of families who were employed in mines and manufacturing establishments. TABLE 52.-Per cent of male heads of families earning each specified amount (approximate) per year, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more male heads of selected families. The totals, however, are for all races.] 4.5 1.1 .0 2.9 4.0 2.4 0. .0 .0 2.8 4.6 4.2 1.6 .7 .4 5.0 12.5 17.5 3.1 1.6 .8 8.0 8.3 9.8 3.7 1.5 .7 2.6 3.8 .0 88 1.1 6.8 15.9 18.2 14.8 11.4 18.2 8.0 420 1.4 1.4 5.5 13.8 20.2 20.2 13.1 15.0 27 .0 .0 3.7 22.2 37.0 22.2 14.8 .0 433 .9 1.6 5.3 15.0 14.1 17.6 19.6 14.3 555 2.7 4.3 10.5 21.8 22.9 18.0 8.3 8.8 40 .0 .0 2.5 2.5 0 15.0 12.5, 32.5 127 .0 .01 2.4 15.7 18.9 24. 4 20.5 12.6 400 .3 1.0 2.0 7.5 13.3 16.3 14.8 19.0 136 0 2.2 .0 2.2 3.7 13.2 14.7 58. 1 78 .0 7.7 6.4 2.6 19.2 25.6 11.5 20.5 123 .0 1.6 5.7 14.6 30.1 24.4 16.3 1.6 842 .2 2.7 45 6.7 15.6 13.3 26.7 11.1 11.1 8.9 .0 640 1.1 3.8 10.3 17.8 16.7 14.8 16.1 10.2 574 .2 2.1 4.0 9.4 16.0 16.4 18.5 12.0 4.2 8.9 8.4 571 .5 5.3 11.0 19.4 19.3 14.5 10.3 13.8 2.5 2.5 .9 1,323 1.0 6.7 18.2 24.3 20. 8 11.0 7.1 5.9 1.9 1.7 1.4 751 1.2 3. 1 8.9 18.5 28.1 20.6 9.7 4.4 2.1 1.6 1.7 831 2.3 7.8 12.6 22.6 20.2 15.6 10.5 6.4 .71 38 .0 7.9 2.6 Mexican .0, 10.5 52.6 26.3 Norwegian. .0 .0 .0 .0 8.3 .0 25.0 16.7 20.8 29.2 Polish.. 2,005 .9 5.3 11.4 23.4 21.9 17.6 9.7 6.0 1.4 1.7 .5 68 4.4 14.7 7.4 11.8 16.2 22.1 16.2 5.9 .0 1.5 .0 5.3 .0 .0 .0 1.3 1.3 6 7.7 7.7 23.1 .0 .0 .0 1.8 1.5 6 1.9 1.9 6 Grand total.. Total native-born of foreign father. Total native-born... Total foreign-born.. 15,038 1.0 3.9 8.8 17.7 19.0 16.1 12.0 10.7 2.9 25.7 42.9 12.4 6.8 8.6 .0 .0 0 2.4 4.9 13.4 3.3 3.5 4.0 |