those who were born abroad. The foreign-born industrial workers show larger proportions than the native-born in each wage classification up to $12.50 but under $15 each week. At this point the situation changes; in the higher ranges of earnings the native-born show a larger proportion in each classification than the foreign-born. The table which immediately follows shows the per cent of female employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.

TABLE 31.-Per cent of female employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Per cent earning each specified amount per

week.

$2.50 $5 $7.50 $10 $12.50 Under and and and and and $15 or $2.50. under under under under under over. $5. $7.50. $10. $12.50 $15.

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

a Less than 0.05 per cent.

The foregoing figures show that the maximum proportion of the women wage-earners of native birth were earning between $7.50 and $10 weekly, and those of foreign birth $5 but less than $7.50 each week. Upon analyzing further the showing for the total native-born,

it is seen that the female employees of native birth but of foreign father have their largest proportion in the classification of $7.50 but under $10 weekly, while those native-born of native father appear in largest numbers among those receiving between $5 and $7.50 each week. The average weekly earnings for the native-born women are only slightly higher than those for the foreign-born females.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race, the per cent of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount each week.

TABLE 32.-Per cent of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Per cent earning each specified amount per week.

General nativity and race.

Num- Averber re- age porting earncom- ings plete per data. week.

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

a Less than 0.05 per cent.

The foregoing table shows that the largest proportion of both native-born and foreign-born employees 14 and under 18 years of age were earning $5 but less than $7.50 each week; 47.2 per cent of the white employees of native birth and of native father, 57.6 per cent of those of foreign birth, and 51.9 per cent of the wageearners of native birth but of foreign father were each week earning 72289°-VOL 1-11- -25

this amount. Slightly more than one-fifth of each nativity group received weekly between $2.50 and $5, and larger proportions of native white wage-earners in this age group, both of native and of foreign father, than of the foreign-born, earned $7.50 but under $10 weekly.

The table which is submitted below shows, by general nativity and race, the per cent of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per week. The significant fact disclosed by this table is that the native-born females, as compared with the foreign-born, appear in larger numbers in the lower wage classification of those earning $2.50 and under $5 each week. On the other hand, the foreign-born exhibit considerably greater proportions earning between $5, and $7.50 weekly and $7.50 and $10 each week.

TABLE 33.-Per cent of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Per cent earning each specified amount per week.

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

THE RANGE OF DAILY EARNINGS ACCORDING TO GENERAL NATIVITY AND RACE OF EMPLOYEE.

The range in daily earnings of adult wage-earners is set forth in the following table which shows, by general nativity and race, the per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day. The figures are based on a normal working day and consequently represent the maximum earning capacity of the operating forces. A more extended period of time would show a lower proportionate daily earning ability.

TABLE 34.—Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Hebrew, Russian.

190

2.20

Hebrew, Other.

102

Herzegovinian

132

Irish.

2,854

Italian, North..

6,914

Italian, South.

6,720

Japanese.

144

Lithuanian.

4, 142

2.01

Macedonian.

.5 17.9 23.2 29.5 16.8 4.7 2.07 4.9 8.8 4.9 7.8 22.5 18.6 18.6 10.8 1.66 .0 .0 41.7 19.7 15.2 18.9 3.0 .8 .0 .8 2.19 .4 1.1 2.5 14.3 19.7 32.8 16.7 8.7 1.6 2.3 2.23 .5 2.2 5.1 11.2 7.5 32.4 25.2 11.4 2.3 2.2 1.95 1.0 2.5 15.3 22.5 12.2 23.9 13.0 7.1 1.4 1.2 1.80 .0 .0 .0 17.4 70.8 11.1 .7 .9 33.3 18.1 23.5 12. 2 2.2 47.2 27.0 6.7 .0 1.0 2.2 5.3 15.4 15.4 44.5 12.3 2.19 .5 .5 3.3 13.1 15.3 19.1 39.9 6.6 2.08 .0 .0 .7 33.1 10.6 28.5 10.6 12.6 6 1.1 4.0 14.9 32.6 30.3 10.9 1.90 .9 2.7 3.8 28.5 20.0 30.7 9.5 2.8 622 1.76 .6 6 2.1 34.1 43.4 14.8 3.7 .6 2,819 2.06 .1 1.1 5.0 21.0 17.3 30.0 16.5 5.5 1.1

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

.0 .0 .0 6.7 1.4 2.0 3.4 .0 .0 3.2

.3

.4

TABLE 34.-Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race-Continued."

A study of the foregoing table shows that slightly more than onehalf (53.1 per cent) of the white industrial workers of native birth and of native father, as contrasted with 54.8 per cent of those of native birth but of foreign father, and 47.8 per cent of the total number of foreign-born employees, were earning between $2 and $3 per day. As compared with the employees of foreign birth, a considerably larger proportion of the native-born employees, both of native and foreign father, are in the higher, and a considerably smaller proportion in the lower, classifications of earnings. In their earning ability the wageearners of older immigration bear about the same relation to the southern and eastern Europeans as the total native-born do to the total foreign-born employees. The lower range of earnings of the immigrants of the new immigration, as against those of past years, may be readily seen from a comparison of the proportions of each class earning under $1.50 or more than $3 per day. The average daily earnings of the total number of foreign-born employees were $2.09, as contrasted with the average of $2.15 shown by those of native birth.

The table following shows the per cent of female employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race.