TABLE 21.-Per cent of females 16 years of age or over in each specified industry, by general nativity and race of individual-Continued.

As the households studied were selected with reference to the fact that their heads were employed in connection with certain industries, the foregoing table is not conclusive as to the industrial distribution of the males and females. The selection was made, however, in proportion to the extent to which the several races and nativity groups were employed, and consequently the showing made may be considered a representative distribution according to occupation. Upon comparing the totals, it is at once evident that the greater proportion, or 67.9 per cent, of both native-born and foreign-born males were engaged in manufacturing and mechanical pursuits representing 37 of the principal industries of the country. Moreover, 25 per cent of the foreign-born males studied and 15.7 per cent of the native-born were employed in bituminous or anthracite coal, iron-ore, copper, or lead and zinc mines. Only a small proportion of males were studied in connection with other pursuits, the investigation along this line being restricted to securing only a small number of households for the purpose of indicating the progress on the part of the immigrant population and comparing the males of foreign birth in trade and professional or domestic or personal service with purely industrial workers. As regards the females in the households studied, the larger proportion of each nativity group were at home, the foreign-born showing the highest percentage of women not engaged in work outside the home. A much larger proportion of native-born women, whether of native or foreign father, than of foreign-born women were engaged in manufacturing and mechanical pursuits. Of the females native-born of foreign father, the Portuguese show the highest proportion, or 70 per cent, of their women engaged in manufacturing, followed by 60.3 per cent of the Hebrews and 50.2 per cent of the French Canadians. Of the foreign-born women, the Greeks have the greatest proportion, or 66.2 per cent, employed in manufacturing establishments, the Danish being next in order with 56 per cent. The Portuguese come next with 43.5 per cent, followed by the Syrians with 39.4 per cent.

AVERAGE WEEKLY EARNINGS ACCORDING TO GENERAL NATIVITY AND RACE OF EMPLOYEE.

In some industries where the employees were paid upon a piecerate basis, it was found more satisfactory to tabulate the returns

according to the amount earned each week rather than each day. It should be borne in mind that these earnings represent an instantaneous view of the industry, or, in other words, they make no allowance for lost time or other contingencies, except for the week presented, which would appear in the consideration of earnings for a more extended period. The following table shows, by general nativity and race, for 220,390 male industrial workers who were 18 years of age or over the average amount of weekly earnings:

TABLE 22.-Average amount of weekly earnings of male employees 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race.

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

a Not computed, owing to small number involved.

On reference to the totals of the table, it is seen that the average weekly earnings for the native-born white employees of native father were $14.37, as contrasted with $13.91 for those of native birth but of foreign father, and $11.92 for the total number of employees of foreign birth.

In the table next presented, the average amount of weekly earnings of 57,712 female wage-earners who were 18 years of age or over is shown according to general nativity and race.

TABLE 23.-Average amount of weekly earnings of female employees 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race.*

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

a Not computed, owing to small number involved.

As in the case of the average daily earnings, it is seen that the weekly earnings of the women industrial workers are much lower than those for the men. The average amount earned each week by the native-born white women of native father was $7.91, as against $8.11 for native-born female wage-earners of foreign father, and $7.90 for women of foreign birth.

In addition to the earnings of the adult wage-earners information was secured relative to the average earnings of male and female industrial workers 14 and under 18 years of age. In the table which is submitted below the average amount of weekly earnings of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age is shown according to general nativity and race. Upon referring to the table it is seen that the earnings exhibited by the different nativity groups are about the same. Of the several races of foreign-born employees, the Welsh have the highest and the Slovenians the lowest average weekly earnings.

TABLE 24.-Average amount of weekly earnings of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age, by general nativity and race.*

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

a Not computed, owing to small number involved.

The table which is next presented sets forth, by general nativity and race, the average amount of weekly earnings of female employees who were 14 but under 18 years of age. The earnings of the females, it will be seen, average lower than those of the males in the same age classification.

TABLE 25.-Average amount of weekly earnings of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age, by general nativity and race.*

This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

a Not computed, owing to small number involved.

The table which follows shows, by general nativity and race, the average amount of daily earnings of all male wage-earners studied who were 18 years of age or over. As pointed out in the case of weekly earnings, it should be borne in mind that the following figures represent an instantaneous view and consequently a maximum earning capacity. A more extended period of time would show lower earnings because of lost time and other causes.