TABLE 8.-Race distribution of employees for whom information was secured, by industry; percentages.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[Only races represented by 500 or more employees are shown in detail.]

Upon reference to the total of these industries, it is seen that 20.1 per cent of the employees were native white Americans, 5 per cent were native-born negroes, 17 per cent were of native birth but of foreign father, and 57.9 per cent were foreign-born. The native-born Americans, or native-born whites of native father, are employed most extensively in the manufacture of cigars and tobacco, collars and cuffs, glass, gloves, and shoes, the proportions of this race in other industries ranging from one-tenth to one-fifth. The native negroes have their largest proportions of wage-earners in cigar and tobacco manufacturing, bituminous coal mining, construction work, and iron-ore mining of the southern States; considerable proportions are also engaged in the slaughtering and meat-packing industry. The wage-earners of the second generation, or of native birth of foreign father, have about the same racial distribution according to industries as the native-born Americans. French Canadians are principally employed in the manufacture of cotton goods, copper mining and smelting, and in the manufacture of shoes and collars and cuffs. The Croatians are employed in largest proportions in railroad and other construction work, copper mining and smelting, iron and steel manufacturing, iron-ore mining, slaughtering and meat packing, bituminous coal mining, leather manufacturing, and oil refining. The Cuban and Spanish races are employed exclusively in the manufacture of cigars and tobacco. The Danish appear in the greatest numbers in leather, furniture, and collar and cuff manufacture. By far the largest proportions of the Dutch are employed in furniture factories, a considerable percentage also being found in silk dyeing, and silk goods manufacturing establishments. The English and German wage-earners appear in all the industries specified, the largest proportions of the former race being found to be engaged in the manufacture of gloves, woolen and worsted goods, copper mining and smelting, and the manufacture of cotton goods, while the latter race exhibits the largest proportions engaged in sugar refining, silk dyeing, leather manufacturing, and the manufacture of agricultural implements and vehicles. The Finns are employed in any considerable numbers only in copper mining and smelting and in iron-ore mining on the Minnesota and Michigan ranges. The Greek race shows the largest proportions in leather and cotton goods manufacturing and in railroad and other construction work. Hebrews have by far the largest proportions engaged in making clothing, considerable proportions also being found in glove and shoe factories. North and South Italians are most extensively employed in silk dyeing, railroad and other construction work, bituminous coal mining, and clothing manufacturing. Larger or smaller proportions of Lithuanians appear in all but one of the industries specified, the highest percentage of wageearners of this race being in sugar refining, clothing, and furniture manufacturing, oil refining, and bituminous coal mining, Magyars are also well distributed, the largest proportions appearing in iron and steel manufacturing, bituminous coal mining, agricultural implements, silk dyeing, and sugar refining. The Poles appear in all the industries specified, the largest proportions being employed in sugar refineries, agricultural implements and vehicle establishments, cotton mills, furniture factories, bituminous coal mining, slaughtering and meat packing, and leather manufacturing. The Portuguese are not employed in any considerable numbers outside the cotton mills.

On the other hand, the Roumanians, who appear in unimportant proportions in a number of industries, have their largest proportions in railroad and other construction work and in iron and steel manufacturing. Russians are more extensively engaged in the manufacture of clothing and in bituminous coal mining than in other industries. The Slovak race is more largely employed in bituminous coal mining, oil refining, and iron and steel manufacturing. Detailed data as to other races in industries may be had from the number table preceding the showing by percentages.

RACIAL COMPOSITION OF THE OPERATING FORCES OF SIXTEEN SELECTED INDUSTRIES.

As has already been pointed out, information was secured for 112,339 employees of 16 minor industries in addition to the branches of mining and manufacturing included in the foregoing table. The returns from these 16 industries were not analyzed with the same detail as those of the principal industries, but the following table has been prepared showing, by sex, industry, and general nativity and race, the number and per cent of employees for whom information was secured.

a See p. 294.