TABLE 57. Old and new immigration compared with respect to yearly earnings 58. Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified 59. Old and new immigration compared with respect to average annual wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general 62. Old and new immigration compared with respect to source of family Page. 411 412 413 414 415 416 417, 418 64. Old and new immigration compared with respect to affiliation of the 66. Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by 67. Old and new immigration compared with respect to the keeping of 68. Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general 71. Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by gen- 419 420 423 424 425 426 427 429 430, 431 73. Old and new immigration compared with respect to average number 432 74. Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. 433 75. Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of 435 76. Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except 77. Literacy of employees, by sex and general nativity and race. 437 438-442 78. Old and new immigration compared with respect to ability of the 79. Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who 443 443, 444 80. Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and 81. Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and 445 446 Page. tion, by sex and general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 447-450 83. Percent of employees in each conjugal condition, by sex, age groups, and general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 84. Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households)... TABLE 82. Per cent of employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condi 451-455 456-458 85. Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife in the United 459, 460 86. Old and new immigration compared with respect to foreign-born 460 461, 462 88. Per cent of employees within each age group, by sex and general 463-466 89. Number and per cent of families owning home, by general nativity 90. Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, 468 470-472 91. Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, 92. Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex and 93. Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by sex 473 474 475, 476 477, 478 94. Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex, years 96. Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex, age at 480 481, 482 97. Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak 98. Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or 483 484 486 488 491 492 103. Total number of employees engaged in manufactures, mines, and 492 506 105. Employees of plate-glass plant in Community A in 1909, by race 522 106. Period of immigration of foreign races employed in Community E, 526 107. Estimated population of Whiting, Ind., 1909, by race. 528 IMMIGRANTS IN MANUFACTURING AND MINING. SCOPE AND METHOD OF THE INVESTIGATION. GEOGRAPHICAL EXTENT OF THE INVESTIGATION. The investigation of immigrants in industries included all the territory between the Rocky Mountains and the Atlantic seaboard. The States in which the investigation was prosecuted in the greatest detail are as follows: The principal branches of mining and manufacturing included in the investigation are as follows: Agricultural implement and vehicle manufacturing. Anthracite coal mining. Bituminous coal mining. Boot and shoe manufacturing. Cigar and tobacco manufacturing. Clothing manufacturing. Collar, cuff, and shirt manufacturing. Copper mining and smelting. Cotton goods manufacturing in the North Atlantic States. Furniture manufacturing. Glass manufacturing. Glove manufacturing. Iron and steel manufacturing. Iron ore mining. Leather tanning, currying, and finishing. Oil refining. Silk goods manufacturing and dyeing. Slaughtering and meat packing. Sugar refining. Woolen and worsted goods manufacturing. 293 In addition to the leading industries mentioned, the following branches were studied in less detail: Carpet manufacturing. Car building and repairing. Foundry and machine-shop products manufacturing. Hosiery and knit-goods manufacturing. Locomotive building and repairing. Paper and wood-pulp manufacturing. Rope, twine, and hemp manufacturing. Zinc smelting and manufacturing. In addition to the foregoing a separate study was made of immigrants engaged in temporary or seasonal labor. This report is entitled "The Floating Immigrant Labor Supply." EXTENT OF INFORMATION SECURED. The study is based on original data secured by agents of the Commission. The table submitted below exhibits in a summary way the results of the investigation so far as the obtaining of original data from members of the operating forces of mines and manufacturing establishments and members of their families is concerned. This table sets forth the number of households studied the heads of which were employed in each leading industry, the number and sex of persons in the households, and the number and sex of individual employees for whom detailed information was secured. TABLE 1.-Number of households and wage-earners studied. In addition to the data relative to the wage-earners and their families which were susceptible of tabulation and statistical presentation, detailed descriptive and historical information was secured from between two and three hundred industrial establishments and communities. A considerable number of pay rolls and other industrial records also were transcribed for the purpose of verifying the information obtained from industrial employees and members of their households. FIELD METHODS EMPLOYED. In collecting data the following sources of statistical information were used: (1) The individual employee; (2) the family or household of the employee; (3) the employer or industrial establishment; and (4) records of local officials, organizations, and institutions. Schedules corresponding to the above-mentioned sources were prepared and used in securing data. The investigation was based upon a number of selected industries, and detailed information relative to wage-earners was first ascertained by the distribution of individual schedules among the employees of industrial establishments. Upon the basis of the returns thus secured for employees a limited number of households the heads of which were employees were selected for intensive study by means of the family schedule, containing in all 187 inquiries. The number of schedules to be secured. for the various races was apportioned according to the numerical representation of each race in the industry under investigation. A further apportionment was made in the case of each race according to (1) occupation and (2) length of residence of the head of the household in the United States. In connection with the industries selected a number of representative industrial communities to which recent immigrants had come in considerable numbers were selected for detailed study by the following methods: (1) By preliminary reports made by the agent in charge of the investigation; (2) by studying the manifests of incoming aliens to ascertain the destination of large groups or numbers; and (3) by consulting the special reports on manufactures of the federal Census Bureau, in order to ascertain the localization of leading industries. The communities thus selected were studied intensively with family, employee, pay-roll, and community schedules. Detailed historical and descriptive data also were obtained and an exhaustive inquiry made into the economic effects of immigration, as well as its effects upon American life and institutions. PREPARATION OF DATA. In preparing the data secured for publication they have been presented in separate studies according to leading industries, because it was thought that such a method would be more valuable than tabulations covering, according to racial designations, a limited number of persons or families. The industrial significance of recent immigration a For schedule forms see Vol. II, pp. 653-662, 668-670, and 674-681. In the introduction to the Summary Report on Immigrants in Manufacturing and Mining, volumes 19 and 20 of the reports of the Immigration Commission, will be found a detailed discussion of the field methods used and a complete history of the industrial investigation. |