SEX.

Classified by sex, there appears a wide difference among the various races of immigrants, as is shown by the following table covering this item in detail for the eleven years 1899 to 1909, inclusive:

TABLE 3.-European immigration (including Syrian) to the United States, fiscal years 1899 to 1909 inclusive, by sex and by race or people.

[Compiled from reports of the United States Commissioner-General of Immigration.]

The striking predominance of males does not apply to all races composing the new immigration, but the tendency in this regard is sufficient to create a wide difference between the old and new classes, as is indicated by the following table:

TABLE 4.-European immigration (including Syrian) to the United States, fiscal years 1899 to 1909 inclusive, by class and sex.

AGE.

The element of age among European immigrants of both classes and all races is conspicuous because of the large proportion included in the age group of 14 to 44 years, as shown by the following table, covering European immigration of the old and new classes for the eleven years 1899 to 1909, classified by age groups:

TABLE 5.-European immigration (including Syrian) to the United States, fiscal years 1899 to 1909 inclusive, by class and age groups.

The striking feature with regard to the age of immigrants, and indeed one of the most striking and significant features of European immigration to the United States in any regard, is the fact that so many of the immigrants are of the producing and so few are of the dependent age.

OCCUPATIONS OF EMIGRANTS.

Occupation is an important factor in estimating the character of emigration, as it indicates the probable general industrial status of immigrants after admission to the United States. For convenience immigrants may be divided into the following general classes as regards occupation: Professional, skilled laborers, farm laborers, farmers, common laborers, servants, miscellaneous, and no occupation, the last named including women and children.

The distribution of occupations among European immigrants by race or people during the eleven years 1899 to 1909 is shown by the following table:

TABLE 6.—Occupation of European immigrants (including Syrian) to the United States, fiscal years 1899 to 1909 inclusive, by race or people. [Compiled from reports of the United States Commissioner-General of Immigration.]

TABLE 6.-Occupation of European immigrants (including Syrian) to the United States, fiscal years 1899 to 1909, inclusive, by race or people—Continued.

Total..

80,322 1,247, 674 1,290,295 84, 146 2,282, 565 890, 093 172, 652 2,165, 287 8, 213, 034

According to the old and new immigration classification the distribution of occupations is as follows:

TABLE 7.-Occupation of European immigrants (including Syrian) to the United States, fiscal years 1899 to 1909 inclusive, by class of immigration.

The relatively large proportion of skilled laborers, the smaller proportion of unskilled, and the almost total absence of farm laborers among Hebrew immigrants practically places that race with the older immigration so far as occupations are concerned, and the elimination of Hebrews from the above table makes possible a clearer illustration of the comparative occupational status of the old and new immigra-. tion, as shown by the following table:

TABLE 8.-Occupation of European immigrants (including Syrian) to the United States, Hebrews excepted, fiscal years 1899 to 1909, inclusive, by class of immigration.

An analysis of this table shows that about 60 per cent of the new immigration, Hebrew excepted, during the eleven years considered was composed of farm and other unskilled laborers, while these classes furnished about 25 per cent of the older immigration. The per cent of skilled laborers is much higher in the older class of immigrants, but the reverse is true of servants, which may be accounted

for by the fact that females are relatively fewer among the newer immigrants. The percentage of farmers as distinguished from farm laborers is higher in the older immigration, but the actual number is so small in either case that it is unimportant except to emphasize the fact that landowners or independent farmers irrespective of race do not, as a rule, emigrate to the United States.

LITERACY IN EUROPE.

In none of the factors under consideration, unless it be that of permanence of residence, is there so wide a difference between the old and new classes of immigration as in the matter of degree of education, as will be noted from the following table, which shows the extent of illiteracy among the various races or peoples of European immigrants admitted to the United States during the eleven years

1899 to 1909:

TABLE 9.-Number and per cent of illiterates 14 years of age and over among European immigrants (including Syrian) admitted to the United States, fiscal years 1899 to 1909, inclusive, by race or people,

[Compiled from reports of the United States Commissioner-General of Immigration.]