turned. Costa Rica has had reciprocal relations with the United States as a "proclaimed" country since October 19, 1899, and has treaties with France (1896) and Spain (1893); Guatemala with France (1895) and Spain (1893), the latter on the "most favored nation" basis; Nicaragua with Italy (1906); and Salvador with France (1880) and Spain (1884). Panama grants copyright under the constitution Panama of 1904, which adopted and made part of Panaman law the Colombian copyright law of 1886, which is summarized in the paragraph on Colombia. The Canal Zone is under United States law through a War Department order of 1907. Cuba, which as a Spanish colony came under the Cuba Spanish act of 1879, has domestic protection under this act as applied by four military ordinances, 19001902, during the United States protectorate, and continued under its insular government. In the third ordinance, of June 13, 1901, it was provided that existing copyrights under the Spanish law of 1879 should be valid during their term, and also that copyright as well as patents granted by the United States shall have insular protection on deposit of a copy of the certificate. Registration is made at the Registry in the Department of State within one year of publication, accompanied, if a foreign work, by certificate of copyright in the country of origin, and deposit should be made of three copies for preservation in the National Library, the University and the Public Archives. On these conditions, under the military ordinance of 1900, authors of foreign scientific, artistic and literary works or their agents or representatives enjoy protection in the case of new works. Regulations of 1909 prescribe the forms of application for domestic and for foreign works. To claim Cuban copyright, an American should obtain an attested copy of the Haiti Dominican copyright certificate and transmit this, with a power of attorney in Spanish validated by a Cuban consul, and three deposit copies, to a representative in Havana, who must deposit the certificate with an attested Spanish translation and the three copies at the Registry. Copyrights by Spanish subjects previous to the treaty of peace with the United States, ratified in 1899, remain valid by virtue of a specific article in the treaty. Cuba has been in reciprocal relations with the United States as a "proclaimed' country since November 17, 1903, and has a treaty with Italy (1903) on the "most favored nation" basis. It is reputed to have ratified the Pan American convention of 1902, but possibly only the industrial treaty. Haiti, which gave copyright protection as early as 1835, adopted in 1885 a copyright law with some unusual features. An author holds exclusive right during life; the widow through her life; the children for twenty years further, or other heirs, if there are no children surviving, for ten years. Unauthorized reprints are confiscated on the complaint of the proprietor of the copyright; and the author recovers from the reprinter the price of a thousand, or from a bookseller of two hundred copies, reckoned at the retail price of the author's edition. Deposit is required of five copies within twelve months from publication at the Department of the Interior. Haiti has the unique distinction in Latin America of being a unionist country; it was originally a party to the Berne convention, accepted the Paris acts and adopted the Berlin convention without reservation. It has no relations with the United States and no treaties. The Dominican Republic provides copyright protection under its constitution of 1896, has a treaty with Mexico (1890) on the "most favored nation" basis, and ratified the Pan American convention (though possibly only the industrial treaty) of 1902, June 15, 1907. Jamaica and the other British islands and colonies West Indian along the Atlantic and Caribbean seas have copy- Colonies right protection under imperial and to some extent local laws, as already noted; Porto Rico is under the provisions of United States law and the Danish and Dutch West Indian colonies are under the respective laws of their nations. Brazil, under the constitution of 1891 and the law Brazil of 1898 and regulations of 1901, grants copyright for the general term, inclusive of photographs, of fifty years from the first of January of the year of publication, with a term of ten years for the right of translation and playright. Posthumous works are protected within fifty years from the death of the author. Assignments are valid only for thirty years, after which copyright reverts to the author. Written application for registration is requisite at the National Library, and deposit of one copy of a printed book or play must be made there within two years. Reservation of royalty for playright must be made on a printed work. Protection is confined to a native or resident or a Portuguese author of a work written in Portuguese-the latter in accordance with a treaty of reciprocity with Portugal (1889), the only treaty. Argentina, which under its constitution of 1853 Argentina and civil code of 1869 protected an author's productions as general property, adopted in September, 1910, a copyright law, as an application of common law, providing for a term of life and ten years, or in the case of posthumous works twenty years from publication. Protection is comprehensive of all classes of intellectual property, and extends to all forms of use without special reservation. By Presidential decree of February 4, 1911, a Section of Library deposit was Paraguay and Uruguay established as a division of the National Library. Registration is required by deposit of two printed copies or of an identifying reproduction within fifteen days from publication for works published in the capital, or thirty days in the provinces, this including foreign works published within the country, publication meaning the offering for sale therein. The law specifically applies to authors of other countries with which Argentina has international relations, deposit in Buenos Aires being then not required where the formalities of the country of origin have been fulfilled. Argentina's international relations are dependent chiefly on the Montevideo convention of 1889, as ratified by Argentina with respect to Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay in 1894, Bolivia in 1903, and with respect to Belgium in 1903, France in 1896, Italy and Spain in 1900. Paraguay and Uruguay, like Argentina, long protected intellectual property as general property. Paraguay's constitution of 1870 secures exclusive property to an author, and a new penal code, promulgated in 1910, assures copyright on all classes of intellectual property, on registration in the public registries with prescribed fees, and punishes piracy by fine of double the profit and imprisonment. Uruguay in its civil code of 1868 declared that the productions of talent or intellect are the property of their authors, to be regulated by special law, but no such law has been passed. Both countries have relations with the other South American states parties to the Montevideo convention of 1889; Paraguay has also the same relations as Argentina with the European countries above cited. The statement that Paraguay is a party to the Mexico City convention of 1902 seems a misapprehension arising from the fact that her representative signed ad referendum. Chile, under the constitution of 1833 and law of Chile 1834 and its civil code of 1855 and penal code of 1874, protects copyright including playright for a general term of life and five years thereafter, which may be extended an additional five years, except for playright, by action of the government, corporate works for forty and posthumous works for ten years. Deposit of three copies is required at the National Library in Santiago. Protection is extended to foreign works [first?] published in Chile; a Chilean-made edition of a work already published abroad may have protection for ten years. Chile has reciprocal relations with the United States as a "proclaimed" country since May 25, 1896; by a provision in the treaty respecting parcels post, piratical copies of works copyright in the country of destination are to be excluded. Chile ratified only the ineffective Rio convention of 1906. Peru, under its law of 1849 and the constitution of Peru 1860 and penal code, grants copyright including playright for life and twenty years thereafter. Anonymous and pseudonymous works may be protected for the full term by deposit of the true name in a sealed envelope. Posthumous works are protected for thirty years. Deposit is required of one copy in the public library and one copy in the department Prefecture. Protection is probably confined to an inhabitant of Peru, but Peru has reciprocal relations under the Montevideo convention as ratified October 25, 1889, with Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay. Bolivia, which protected intellectual property by Bolivia its penal code of 1834, and later by a copyright law of 1879, adopted a brief copyright code, including playright, in 1909, providing a general term of life and thirty years, with the peculiar provision that the publisher of a work of unrecognized authorship |