done wonders in popular states, but with senates and princes less; and more, ever upon the first entrance of bold persons into action, than soon after; for boldness is an ill keeper of promise. Surely, as there are mountebanks for the natural body, so are there mountebanks for the politic body men that undertake great cures, and perhaps have been lucky in two or three experiments, but want the grounds of science, and therefore cannot hold out; nay, you shall see a bold fellow many times do Mahomet's miracle. Mahomet made the people believe that he would call a hill to him, and from the top of it offer up his prayers for the observers of his law. The people assembled; Mahomet called the hill to come to him again and again: and when the hill stood still, he was never a whit abashed, but said, "If the hill will not come to Mahomet, Mahomet will go to the hill'." So these men, when they have promised great matters and failed most shamefully, yet (if they have the perfection of boldness), they will but slight it over, and make a turn, and no more ado. Certainly to men of great judgment, bold persons are a sport to behold; nay, and to the vulgar also, boldness hath somewhat of the ridicu lous for if absurdity be the subject of laughter, doubt you not but great boldness is seldom without some absurdity : especially it is a sport to see when a bold fellow is out of countenance, for that puts his face into a most shrunken and wooden posture, as needs it must; for in bashfulness the spirits do a little go and come; but with bold men, upon like occasion, they stand at a stay2; like a stale at chess, where it is no mate, but yet the game cannot stir: but this last were fitter for a satire, than for a serious observation. This is well to be weighed, that boldness is ever blind; for it seeth not dangers and inconveniences therefore it is ill in counsel, good in execution so that the right use of bold persons is, that they never command in chief, but be seconds, and under the direction of others. For in counsel it is good to see dangers; and in execution not to see them, except they be very great.

:

This anecdote of Mahomet, so often related and so generally believed, is now considered to be apocryphal. The wit of it has doubtless given it currency.

2 To stand at a stay for to be at a stay.

XIII. OF GOODNESS, AND GOODNESS OF NATURE.

I take goodness in this sense, the affecting' of the weal of men, which is that the Grecians call Philanthropia; and the word humanity (as it is used) is a little too light to express it. Goodness I call the habit, and goodness of nature the inclination. This, of all virtues and dignities of the mind, is the greatest, being the character of the Deity; and without it man is a busy, mischievous, wretched thing, no better than a kind of vermin. Goodness answers to the theological virtue charity, and admits no excess but error. The desire of power in excess caused the angels to fall; the desire of knowledge in excess caused man to fall but in charity there is no excess; neither can angel or man come in danger by it. The inclination to goodness is imprinted deeply in the nature of man: insomuch, that if it issue not towards men, it will take unto other living creatures; as it is seen in the Turks, a cruel people, who nevertheless are kind to beasts, and give alms to dogs and birds: insomuch, as Busbechius reporteth, a Christian boy in Constantinople had like to have been stoned for gagging in a waggishness a long-billed fowl. Errors, indeed, in this

Affect (old) for love, like.

2 That (old) for what.

* Busbechius, a learned Fleming of the sixteenth century, was ambassador at Constantinople to the Sultan Soliman II. The work quoted here is his "Travels in the East."

It has been supposed that long-billed birds are protected in the East because cranes remove the filth from the street, in short are the only scavengers, and thus shield those countries from pestilence. Lady Montagu, a very shrewd observer, justly, we think, ascribes the fact to another and a very different cause. We subjoin an extract from a letter, dated Adrianople 1718, a century after Bacon's Essays were written. The remark is, it is probable, equally true of our own times. Men and things change but little in the East.

"Here are some little birds, held in a sort of religious reverence, and for that reason multiply prodigiously; turtles on account of their innocence; and storks, because they are supposed to make every winter the pilgrimage to Mecca. To say truth, they are the happiest subjects under the Turkish government, and are so sensible of their privileges that they walk the streets without fear, and generally build their nests in the low parts of houses. Happy are those whose houses are so distinguished, as the vulgar Turks are perfectly persuaded that they will not be, that year, attacked either by fire or pestilence."

4

or

virtue of goodness or charity, may be committed. The Italians have an ungracious proverb; "Tanto buon che val niente," so good, that he is good for nothing. And one of the doctors of Italy, Nicholas Machiavel, had the confidence to put in writing almost in plain terms, "That the Christian faith had given up good men in prey to those that are tyrannical and unjust:' which he spake, because, indeed, there was never law, sect, or opinion did so much magnify goodness as the Christian religion doth. Therefore, to avoid the scandal, and the danger both, it is good to take knowledge of the errors of a habit so excellent. Seek the good of other men; but be not in bondage to their faces or fancies: for that is but facility or softness, which taketh an honest mind prisoner. Neither give thou Esop's cock a gem, who would be better pleased and happier if he had a barley-corn. The example of God teacheth the lesson truly: "He sendeth his rain, and maketh his sun to shine upon the just and the unjust;" but he doth not rain wealth, nor shine honour and virtues upon men equally. Common benefits are to be communicated with all; but peculiar benefits with choice. And beware how in making the portraiture thou breakest the pattern: for divinity maketh the love of ourselves the pattern, the love of our neighbours but the portraiture. "Sell all thou hast, and give it to the poor, and follow me:" but sell not all thou hast, except thou come and follow me; that is, except thou have a vocation wherein thou mayst do as much good with little means as with great: for otherwise, in feeding the streams, thou driest the fountain. Neither is there only a habit of goodness directed by right reason; but there is in some men, even in nature, a disposi

In prey for a prey.

Machiavel's own words are, "Fidem Christianam viros probos... in prædam tyrannorum iniquitati dedisse."

3 Spake (old) for spoke.

Take knowledge of for take cognizance of,

This passage is a part of Christ's reply to the rich man, who had observed the commandments from his youth and who asked what he should do that he might inherit eternal life.

"Then Jesus beholding him loved him, and said unto him, One thing thou lackest go thy way, sell whatsoever thou hast, and give to the poor and thou shalt have treasure in heaven and come, take up the cross, and follow me." (St. Mark, ch. x, v. 21.)

tion towards it: as, on the other side, there is a natural malignity. For there be1 that in their nature do not affect the good of others. The lighter sort of malignity turneth but to a crossness, or frowardness, or aptness to oppose, or difficileness, or the like; but the deeper sort to envy, and mere mischief. Such men in other men's calamities are, as it were, in season, and are ever on the loading part: not so good as the dogs that licked Lazarus' scres, but like flies that are still buzzing upon any thing that is raw; misanthropi2, that make it their practice to bring men to the bough, and yet have never a tree for the purpose in their gardens, as Timon had". Such dispositions are the very errors of human nature, and yet they are the fittest timber to make great politics of; like to knee timber, that is good for ships that are ordained to be tossed, but not for building houses that shall stand firm. The parts and signs of goodness are many. If a man be gracious and courteous to strangers, it shows he is a citizen of the world, and that his heart is no island cut off from other lands, but a continent that joins to them. If he be compassionate towards the afflictions of others, it shows that his heart is like the noble tree that is wounded itself when it gives the balm*. If he easily pardons and remits offences; it shows that his mind is plant

Be (old) for are.

2 Misanthropi (unused) for misanthropists.

Timon the Misanthrope, described in Lucian's dialogue that bears his name or, as he has been styled by Shakspeare, Timon of Athens. The classical allusion to Timon's tree may be illustrated by the following account of the misanthropist in Plutarch's Life of Mark Anthony:

This Timon was a citizen of Athens, and lived about the time of the Peloponesian war, as appears from the comedies of Aristophanes and Plato, in which he is exposed as the hater of mankind. .....Once, in an assembly of the people, he mounted the rostrum, and the novelty of the thing occasioned a universal silence and expectation; at length he said, People of Athens, there is a fig-tree in my yard, on which many worthy citizens have hanged themselves; and as I have determined to build upon the spot, I thought it necessary to give this public notice, that such as choose to have recourse to this tree for the aforesaid purpose may repair to it before it is cut down.""

4 This does not, we believe, refer to any particular tree, but it is a property common to all that give out balm. The ordinary means of extracting balm is by incision. The simile is extremely poetical and beautiful.

ed above injuries, so that he cannot be shot. If he be thankful for small benefits, it shows that he weighs men's minds, and not their trash. But, above all, if he have Saint Paul's perfection, that he would wish to be an anathema from Christ, for the salvation of his brethren, it shows much of a divine nature, and a kind of conformity with Christ himself.

XIV. OF NOBILITY.

4. We will speak of nobility first as a portion of an estate'; then as a condition of particular persons. A monarchy, where there is no nobility at all, is ever a pure and absolute tyranny, as that of the Turks for nobility attempers sovereignty, and draws the eyes of the people somewhat aside from the line royal. But for democracies they need it not; and they are commonly more quiet, and less subject to sedition, than where there are stirps of nobles; for men's eyes are upon the business, and not upon the persons; or if upon the persons, it is for the business' sake, as fittest, and not for flags and pedigree. We see the Switzers3 last well, notwithstanding their diversity of religion and of cantons; for utility is their bond, and not res pects. The United Provinces of the Low Countries in their government excel for where there is an equality the consultations are more indifferent, and the payments and tributes more cheerful. A great and potent nobility addeth majesty to a monarch, but diminisheth power; and putteth life and spirit into the people, but presseth their fortune. It is well when nobles are not too great for sovereignty nor for justice; and yet maintained in that height, as the insolency of inferiors may be broken upon them before it come on too fast upon the majesty of kings. A numerous nobility causeth poverty and inconve nience in a state, for it is a surcharge of expense; and besides, it being of necessity that many of the nobility fall in time to be weak in fortune, it maketh a kind of disproportion between honour and means.