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RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENT SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.

The relative importance of the different sources of incomes of the families studied in the community may be seen from the following table, which shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the percentage of total yearly income from the husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources:

TABLE 69.-Per cent of total family income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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In 714 families reporting the larger proportion of the family income, or 66.3 per cent, is derived from earnings of the husband, 22.9 per cent from contributions of children, while the payments of boarders or lodgers, earnings of wife, and other sources are less than 5 per cent in each instance. Comparing the different nativity groups it is seen that the families whose heads are native-born of native father show the largest proportion of the family income from earnings of husband and those the heads of which are foreign-born the smallest, and those families the heads of which are foreign-born show the largest proportions of incomes from the contributions of children, earnings of wife, and other specified sources. Of the families the heads of which are of the different foreign-born races those whose heads are Hebrews report the largest proportion of income from earnings of husband and those the heads of which are Irish the smallest. The families the heads of which are Irish show the largest proportion of income from contributions of children and those the heads of which are Polish the largest from other specified sources.

CHAPTER IV.

WORKING CONDITIONS.

Regularity of employment-The immigrant and organized labor-[Text Tables 71 and 72 and General Table 70].

REGULARITY OF EMPLOYMENT.

The regularity of the work offered in the community, as well as the relative industriousness of the members of the several races of wage-earners, is indicated in the table which immediately follows. It shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over in the households studied who were employed away from home. By the term "past year" is meant the twelve months immediately preceding the collection of the data.

TABLE 70.— Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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Only 1 per cent of the 994 males included in the foregoing table worked less than three months during the past year, and only 45.1 per cent worked twelve months-83.6 per cent working nine months or over and 96.4 per cent six months or over. Almost 75 per cent of the persons native-born of native father and over 56 per cent of those native-born of foreign father, as compared with 37.6 per cent of the foreign-born, worked the entire past year. All of the persons native-born of native father and 97.4 per cent of the native-born of foreign father, and 95.5 per cent of the foreign-born, worked six

months or over. Of the foreign-born races the Hebrew shows the largest proportion and the Polish the smallest working twelve months. All of the Germans and Hebrews and over 90 per cent of each other race, except the Slovak, worked six months or over.

The table next submitted shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the months worked during the past year by females 16 years of age or over in the households studied who were employed away from home.

TABLE 71.-Months worked during the past year by females 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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The preceding table shows that of 366 females 16 years of age or over employed away from home 34.7 per cent worked twelve months, 85.2 per cent nine months or over, 96.2 per cent six months or over, and 98.9 per cent three months or over during the past year. Of the different nativity groups the foreign-born shows the smallest proportion working each specified number of months-all of the native-born of native father, 96.4 per cent of the native-born of foreign father, and 95.3 per cent of the foreign-born worked six months or over; and over 50 per cent of the native-born of native father, over 35 per cent of the native-born of foreign father, and 29.8 per cent of the foreignborn worked the entire year. A certain proportion of the French Canadians and Slovaks worked less than three months, the French Canadians, however, showing the largest and the Slovaks the smallest proportion who worked twelve months.

THE IMMIGRANT AND ORGANIZED LABOR.

The extent to which the wage-earners of the community were members of labor organizations is exhibited by the table following, which shows, by general nativity and race of individual, affiliation with trade unions of males in the households studied who were 21 years of age or over and who were working for wages.

TABLE 72.—Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over who are working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual.

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Of 855 male employees who are 21 years of age reported in the above table 9.7 per cent are affiliated with trade unions. The employees who are native-born of foreign father show 15.8 per cent as contrasted with 10.3 per cent of the employees who are native-born whites of native father, and 8.3 per cent of those who are of foreign birth who are affiliated with trade unions.

Of the employees who are native-born of foreign father those of German parentage show 17.1 per cent and those of Irish parentage 16.9 per cent who are affiliated with trade unions.

Of the foreign-born male employees the English report 14.8 per cent affiliated with trade unions, followed, in the order named, by the French Canadian, German, Irish, and Hebrew employees in smaller proportions. The Polish employees show but slightly over 1 per cent, while no Slovak employees are affiliated with trade unions.

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