Pole, Scotch, and Slovak husbands show 100 per cent at work, the Slovenian and Ruthenian husbands showing over 98 per cent of husbands at work. The Scotch husbands show the highest average yearly earnings, which is $981, the Irish husbands follow with $777, and the Polish with $618. The Hebrew, Bohemian, and Moravian, and Ruthenian husbands show average yearly earnings of between $513 and $557, husbands of the other specified races falling below $500, the Syrian husbands showing average yearly earnings of only $403.

The range in the annual earnings of male heads of families studied is shown in the following table by general nativity and race of individual.

TABLE 332.—Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 6.J

Of the male heads of families in this locality for whom information was secured 94.2 per cent earn under $1,000 per year, 86.4 per cent under $800 per year, 64.4 per cent under $600 per year, 21 per cent under $400 per year, and only a very small proportion under $200 per year. The proportion of heads of families earning under $400, under $600, under $800, and under $1,000 per year, respectively, is considerably larger for the foreign-born than for the native-born of foreign father. Of the foreign-born of the races for which the per

12 15

17 (a) (a) (a) (a)

(a) | (a)

32 43 44 .0 0 13.3 71.1

95.6 97.8

3 12

15 (a) (a) (a) (a)

(a) | (a)

5

6

6 (a) (a) (a) (a)

(a) (a)

9

9

9(a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a)

46

50

50

.0

.0 14.0 92.0 100.0 100.0 2.7 26.7 81.3 96.0 98.7

centages have been computed the Slovaks, Slovenians, Poles, and Magyars, in the order mentioned, have the largest and the Scotch the smallest proportion of heads of families earning under $400 per year, and the Lithuanians, Slovaks, Magyars, and Slovenians, in the order mentioned, have the largest and the Scotch the smallest proportion of heads of families earning under $600 per year. All of the Lithuanians, over 95 per cent of the Magyars, Ruthenians, Slovaks, Slovenians, and Hebrews, and only 25 per cent of the Scotch earn under $800 per year, and all of the Lithuanians, Poles, Slovaks, and Slovenians, and over 97 per cent of the Ruthenians, Magyars, and Hebrews, as compared with 60 per cent of the Scotch, earn under $1,000 per year.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the yearly earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied.

TABLE 333.-Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

General nativity and
race of individual.

Number

working

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

for wages Average

and re

porting amount.

earnings. Under Under Under Under Under Under Under Under $200. $400. $600. $1,000. $200. $400. $600. $1,000.

It appears from the preceding table that only 3 per cent of the male employees for whom information was secured earn under $200 per year, that 29.1 per cent earn under $400, that 74 per cent earn under $600, and that 96.8 per cent earn under $1,000. The proportion of males earning under $200 and under $400 per year, respectively, is larger for the native-born of foreign father than for the foreign-born, while the proportion of males earning under $600 and under $1,000, respectively, is considerably larger for the foreign-born than for the native-born of foreign father. Of the foreign-born, the Poles, South Italians, and Slovenians, in the order mentioned, have the largest proportion of males earning under $400 per year and the Lithuanians, Magyars and South Italians, in the order mentioned, have the largest proportion of males earning under $600 per year. All of the Bohemians and Moravians, South Italians, Lithuanians, Poles, Slovaks, Slovenians and Syrians, and over 98 per cent of the Ruthenians, Magyars and Hebrews earn under $1,000 per year.

The yearly earnings of all the males for whom information was secured average $524. It will be noted that the average yearly earnings of the native-born of native father are higher than the average yearly earnings of the native-born of foreign father, and that the average yearly earnings of the native-born of foreign father are considerably higher than the average yearly earnings of the foreignborn. Of the foreign-born, the Scotch, Welsh, and Irish, in the order mentioned, have the largest, and the Poles, Magyars, South Italians, Lithuanians, Slovaks, Slovenians and Syrians the smallest average yearly earnings.

ANNUAL FAMILY INCOME.

In the series of tables next presented, the yearly income of the families studied, together with the several sources of family income and their relative importance, are considered. The table first submitted in this connection shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the percentage of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount:

TABLE 334.—Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The average yearly income of the 592 families selected for study in the preceding table is $763-the families the heads of which are native-born of foreign father having an income of $856 and the families the heads of which are foreign-born having an income of $757 per annum. The average yearly income of the families the heads of which are of each specified race ranges from $1,366 for the Scotch to $601 for the Slovenians, the Irish being the only race besides the Scotch showing an average yearly income as high as $1,000. Of the total number of families 93.8 per cent have a total yearly income under $1,500; 82.6 per cent under $1,000; 61.5 per cent under $750; 23.3 per cent under $500; and 3.7 per cent under $300. The families the heads of which are foreign-born show a larger proportion than the families the heads of which are native-born of foreign father, having a total income under each specified amount except $1,500-all of the families the heads of which are native-born of foreign father having a total income under $1,500, as compared with 93.3 per cent of the families the heads of which are foreign-born. None of the families the heads of which are Irish or Scotch have a total yearly income of less than $500, as compared with a range of from 50 per cent of the families the heads of which are Slovak to 12.8 per cent of the families the heads of which are Hebrew. 50 per cent of the families the heads of which are of each specified race, except Irish, Polish, and Scotch, have a total yearly income under $750 per annum-the families the heads of which are of the same races being the only ones showing less than 75 per cent having a total yearly income under $1,000. A certain proportion of the 'families the heads of which are of each race have a total income of $1,500 or over-the Scotch showing the largest and the Slovenian the smallest.

WIVES AT WORK.

Over

The tendency on the part of the wives in the families studied to engage in occupations outside the home in order to supplement the earnings of their husbands is indicated by the table next submitted. This table shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the proportion of wives at work.

TABLE 335.—Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family.

a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 6. b Not computed, owing to small number involved.

8.3

From information secured from 584 wives it was found that 8 per cent are at work. Of the foreign-born wives 8.3 per cent are at work, as contrasted with 4.8 per cent of the native-born wives who are at work. Of the foreign-born wives the Ruthenians show 17.5 per cent at work, families whose heads are Magyars show 13.2 per cent of wives at work, families whose heads are Slovenians show 11.3 per cent of wives are at work, while families whose heads are Scotch, Slovaks, Irish, and Lithuanians exhibit less than 6 per cent of wives who are working.

RELATION BETWEEN THE EARNINGS OF HUSBANDS AND THE PRACTICE OF WIVES OF KEEPING BOARDERS OR LODGERS.

It has been seen that only a small proportion of the wives in the families studied were regularly employed for wages outside the home. On the other hand, a considerable proportion of the wives supplements the earnings of the husbands by keeping boarders or lodgers. The extent to which this is done is exhibited in the following table, which shows, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family, the percentage of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers.