wages in the hand trades, and the Syrians have the largest proportion of males who worked for profit as farmers.

In the following table the industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born females, in the households studied, who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming is shown by race of individual:

TABLE 327.—Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

་

It appears from the above table that of the foreign-born females for whom information was secured, 39.6 per cent were without occupation abroad, while 15.7 per cent worked for wages, 43.9 per cent worked without wages, and only 0.7 per cent worked for profit. All of the Hebrews were without occupation before coming to the United States. With this exception, the proportion of females who were without occupation is largest for the Irish and Scotch, in the order mentioned, and smallest for the Lithuanians and Ruthenians. The Lithuanians, Magyars, and Scotch, in the order mentioned, have the largest proportion of females who worked for wages, and the Ruthenians, Slovenians, Poles, and Lithuanians, in the order mentioned, have the largest proportion of females who worked without wages.

The following table shows, by race of individual, the occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over at time of arrival in this country:

TABLE 328.-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

In this locality 43.5 per cent of the females for whom information was secured were farm laborers, working without wages, before coming to the United States, 6.9 per cent were farm laborers, working for wages, 4.6 per cent worked for wages in domestic service, and only a very small proportion worked as factory operatives, in the hand trades, or in occupations not specified, for wages, or in occupations not specified without wages, or as farmers for profits. The proportion of females who worked as farm laborers without wages is largest for the Ruthenians, Slovenians, Poles, and Lithuanians, in the order mentioned. The Lithuanians have by far the largest proportion of females who worked as farm laborers for wages, and the Magyars and Slovaks, in the order mentioned, have the largest proportion of females who were in domestic service.

GENERAL OCCUPATION OF MALES AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the general occupation of males 16 years of age or over in the households studied.

TABLE 329.-General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Of 1,224 males 16 years of age or over who reported their general occupation, 25.6 per cent are engaged in sugar refining, 20.8 per cent in the manufacture of carpets, 20.4 per cent in the manufacture of hats and caps, while 30.5 per cent are otherwise employed, 1.8 per cent are at home, and 0.1 per cent are at school. The foreign-born males show a considerably higher per cent than those who are native-born of foreign father who are engaged in sugar refining, while none of the nativeborn whites of native father are thus employed. The native males born of foreign father show the highest percentage who are engaged in the manufacture of carpets followed by the foreign-born males, while none of the native whites born of native father are reported in this industry. The latter, however, show a very high percentage who were engaged in the manufacture of hats and caps, the foreign-born and the native-born of foreign father following in the order mentioned in much smaller proportions. The males who are native-born of foreign father show a considerably higher percentage than either the foreign-born or the native whites born of native father, who are otherwise employed. The native whites born of native father show the highest percentage of males at home and at school, followed by the native males born of foreign father in considerably smaller proportions. The males of foreign birth show a very small proportion both at home and at school. The Poles report the greatest proportion who are engaged in sugar refining, which is 59.4 per cent, while none of the Bohemians and Moravians or Irish and Scotch report being in this industry. The Bohemians and Moravians and Scotch show the highest percentage, and the Hebrews and South Italians the lowest per

centage who are engaged in the manufacture of carpets. The Slovaks show the highest percentage and the Scotch the lowest percentage who are employed in the hat and cap industry, the South Italians show the highest percentage and the Slovaks the lowest who are otherwise employed, while the Magyars show the greatest proportion at home and the Scotch the greatest proportion at school.

GENERAL OCCUPATION OF WOMEN AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

Two tables exhibiting the present industrial condition of the immigrant households studied are next presented. The first table, which immediately follows, shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the general occupation of females 16 years of age or over in the households studied:

TABLE 330.-General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all

races.]

The above table shows of 843 females 16 years of age or over, 3.1 per cent are domestic servants, 20.3 per cent are engaged in the manufacture of carpets, 4.7 per cent are otherwise employed, 68.1 per cent are at home, and 3.8 per cent are at school. The foreign-born females show 3.3 per cent in domestic service as contrasted with 2.4 per cent of the females who are native-born of foreign father and none of the native whites born of native father who are thus employed. The females who are native-born of foreign father show by far the highest percentage who are engaged in the manufacture of carpets, followed by the foreign-born and the native whites born of native father in the order named. The native-born females of foreign father also show the highest percentage who are otherwise employed followed by the native whites born of native father and the foreign-born. The females who are native whites born of native father show the highest

percentage at home followed by the foreign-born and the native-born of foreign father, the foreign-born females exhibit the highest percentage at school followed by females who are native-born of foreign father and those who are native whites born of native father in the order mentioned. Of the foreign-born the Irish show the highest percentage of females who are domestic servants, the Ruthenians the highest percentage who are engaged in the manufacture of carpets, the South Italians the highest percentage who are otherwise employed, while the Poles show the highest percentage at home and the Syrians the highest percentage at school.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALE HEADS OF FAMILIES STUDIED.

The extent to which the male heads of families studied were regularly employed, together with their average annual earnings, are set forth in the following table. The table shows, by general nativity and race, the proportion of husbands in the households studied who are at work.

TABLE 331.-Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual.

The preceding table shows that out of 592 families which were studied, there are 574 husbands, 99 per cent of whom are at work, the average yearly earnings per husband being $568. Of the husbands who are native-born of foreign father 100 per cent are at work, whose average yearly earnings amount to $816; 98.9 per cent of the foreignborn husbands are at work whose average yearly earnings are $552, while the average yearly earnings of husbands who are native-born whites of native father is $673. The Hebrew, Lithuanian, Magyar,

48296°-vol 17-11-29