CHAPTER II.

RACIAL DISPLACEMENTS.

Period of residence in the United States of members of immigrant households studied—[Text Table 324 and General Table 243].

PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF MEMBERS OF IMMIGRANT HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

An insight into the character of recent and past immigration to the community may also be seen in the following table, which shows, by race of individual, the percentage of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number of years.

TABLE 324.—Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number of years, by race of individual.

STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 20 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

It appears from the above table that of the foreign-born persons for whom information was secured, 39.9 per cent have been in the United States under five years, 65 per cent under ten years, and 86.6 per cent under twenty years. The proportion of persons who have been in the United States under five years is largest for the Armenians, Syrians, and Magyars, in the order mentioned, and smallest for the Irish and Slovaks, and the proportion of persons in the United States under ten years is largest for the Syrians, Magyars, Lithuanians and Armenians, in the order mentioned, and smallest for the Irish and Welsh. All of the Syrians and over 95 per cent of the Armenians, South Italians, Lithuanians, and Magyars, as compared with 47.7 per cent of the Irish, 58.3 per cent of the Welsh, and 64.5 per cent of the Slovaks, have been in this country under twenty years.

CHAPTER III.

ECONOMIC STATUS.

Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied-General occupation of males at the present time in the households studied-General occupation of women at the present time in the households studied-Annual earnings of male heads of families studied-Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied-Annual earnings of females 18 years of age or over in the households studied—Annual family income-Wives at work-Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives of keeping boarders or lodgers— Sources of family income-Relative importance of different sources of family income [Text Tables 325 to 339 and General Tables 244 to 253].

INDUSTRIAL CONDITION ABROAD OF MEMBERS OF IMMIGRANT HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

Before entering into a discussion of the economic status in this country of employees and members of their households in Community F, the industrial condition and principal occupations of immigrant workers and members of their households while abroad are set forth. The table first presented in this connection, which immediately follows, shows, by race of individual, the industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over at the time of coming to this country:

TABLE 325.-Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Of the males in this locality for whom information was secured, 4.1 per cent were without occupation abroad, 49.4 per cent worked for wages, 36.6 per cent worked without wages, and 10 per cent worked

for profit. The proportion of males who were without occupation is largest for the Hebrews and Syrians, in the order mentioned, and the proportion of males who worked for profit is much larger for the Syrians than for the males of any other race. The Scotch and Bohemians and Moravians have the largest proportion of males who worked for wages abroad, and the Slovenians and Ruthenians have by far the largest proportion of males who worked without wages.

The table next presented shows, by race of individual, the occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over at the time of coming to this country.

TABLE 326.-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.}

Of the males in this locality for whom information was secured, 36.1 per cent were farm laborers, working without wages, before coming to the United States, 19.6 per cent worked for wages as farm laborers, 5.1 per cent worked for wages as factory operatives, 16.4 per cent worked for wages in hand trades, 6 per cent worked for wages in occupations not specified, and 8.5 per cent worked for profit as farmers. Only a very small proportion of the males for whom information was secured worked for wages as miners or general laborers, without wages in occupations not specified, or for profit in hand trades or in occupations not specified. The proportion of males who worked as farm laborers without wages is largest for the Slovenians and Ruthenians, in the order mentioned, and the proportion of males who worked as farm laborers for wages is largest for the Poles, Magyars, South Italians, Bohemians and Moravians, and Lithuanians, in the order mentioned. The Scotch, Bohemians and Moravians, and the Syrians, in the order mentioned, have the largest and the Ruthenians the smallest proportion of males who worked for