which are native-born of foreign father or households the heads of which are native-born whites of native father. None of the two last mentioned use all rooms, or all except 1 room for sleeping purposes. Households the heads of which are Slovaks show the highest percentage using all rooms, and all except 1 room, for sleeping purposes, and households the heads of which are Magyars the highest per cent using all except 2 rooms. Households the heads of which are Swedes report no per cent sleeping in all roons, all except 1 room, and all except 2 rooms.

CHAPTER VI.

SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS.

Literacy-Conjugal condition-Age classification of households studied-[Text Tables 308 to 312 and General Tables 230 to 234].

LITERACY.

The general literacy of persons in the households studied in Community E is exhibited by the following table. The table shows, by sex and general nativity and race of individual, the percentage of persons 10 years of age or over in the households studied who were able to read and the percentage who were able to both read and write: TABLE 308.-Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Number reporting com-
plete data.

Per cent who read.

Per cent who read and write.

General nativity and race of individual.

Native-born of native father,
White.

Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total.

Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:

German.

26

It appears from the above table that, of the persons for whom information was secured, 80.8 per cent of the males and 78.3 per cent of the females can read only, and 79.4 per cent of the males and 77.4 per cent of the females can both read and write. The proportion of males and females who can read and read and write is much larger for the native-born of foreign father than for the foreign-born. It will be noted that all who were native-born of native father can read and write. Of the foreign-born, all of the Swedes and Welsh, both. males and females, can read and read and write. With these exceptions, the proportions of persons, both males and females, who read

and read and write is largest for the Magyars and smallest for the South Italians.

The degree of literacy prevailing among persons of foreign birth, in the households studied, after designated periods of residence in this country is considered in the table next presented. The table shows, by race of individual and by years in the United States, the percentage of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who were able to read and the percentage who were able to read and write.

TABLE 309.-Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by years in the United States and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The, total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Among the persons for whom information was secured, 58.8 per cent of those who have been in the United States under five years, 62.1 per cent of those who have been here from five to nine years, and 85.5 per cent of those who have been here ten years or over, can read only, and 57.2 per cent of those who have been here under five years, 59 per cent of those who have been here from five to nine years, and 84.2 per cent of those who have been here ten years or over, can both read and write. It will be noted that the proportion of all foreignborn persons who are able to read and to read and write increases steadily with the years of residence in the United States. This is not true, however, of the several races for which the percentages are given. The proportion of South Italians who can read and read and write is largest in the case of persons who have been in the United States from five to nine years, second largest in the case of persons who have been here ten years or over, and smallest in the case of persons who havẹ been here under five years, while the proportion of Magyars and Slovaks who can read and read and write is largest in the case of persons who have been here ten years or over, second largest in the case of persons who have been here under five years, and smallest in the case of persons who have been here from five to nine years. All of the Swedes and Welsh, in the groups for which the percentages are given, are able to read and to read and write.

The literacy of foreign-born persons in the households studied, according to age at the time of coming to the United States, is exhibited in the table following, which shows, by race of individual and by age at time of arrival in this country, the percentage of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who were able to read and the percentage who were able both to read and write.

TABLE 310.-Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

It appears from the above table that of the foreign-born persons for whom information was secured 87.4 per cent of those who came to the United States when under 14 years of age and 65.4 per cent of those who came here when 14 or over can read only, and that 85 per cent of those who came here when under 14 and 63.6 per cent of those who came here when 14 or over can both read and write. All of the Swedes and Welsh, irrespective of age at time of arrival, are able both to read and to read and write. In the case of the South Italians, Magyars, and Slovaks a considerably larger proportion of persons who came here when under 14 than of persons who came here when 14 or over are able to read and to read and write.

CONJUGAL CONDITION.

The following table shows, by sex, age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual, the percentage of persons in the households studied in each conjugal condition:

TABLE 311.-Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex, age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

TABLE 311.-Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex, age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual-Continued.

of

The preceding table shows that of 1,177 persons for whom information was secured, and who are 20 years of age or over, 73.3 per cent are married and 3.3 per cent are widowed. Of those from 20 to 29 years of age 50.4 per cent are married and 0.6 per cent are widowed. In the group persons from 30 to 44 years of age 89.4 per cent are married and 2 per cent are widowed, while of those 45 years of age or over 87.1 per cent are married and 10.5 per cent are widowed. In the group of persons from 20 to 29 years of age the foreign-born show a very much higher percentage married than either the native-born whites of native father or the native-born of of foreign father, which follow in the order named. Of persons from 30 to 44 years of age the native-born whites of native father show a higher percentage who are married, followed by the native-born of foreign father and the foreign-born. The native whites born of native father report no persons widowed in either group and the native-born of foreign father no persons widowed in the group from 30 to 44 years of age. Of persons 45 years of age or over and 20 years of age or over the foreign-born show the highest percentage married, followed by the native-born of foreign father and the nativeborn whites of native father in the order mentioned. In each of