Information is presented in the preceding table for 368 families, the heads of which are employed in anthracite coal mining. The earnings of the husband constitute the sole source of income of 42.1 per cent, while the incomes of 17.1 per cent receive their income from the husband and children; 20.4 per cent from husbands and boarders and lodgers; 16.8 per cent from sources or combinations of sources not specified, and less than 2 per cent receive incomes from any of the other specified sources. Of the different nativity groups the native-born of native father show a considerably higher proportion of families than the native-born of foreign father, and the latter in turn show a considerably higher proportion than the foreign-born receiving entire income from the husband. The native-born of foreign father show a slightly higher proportion than the nativeborn of native father, and the last-named group shows a higher proportion than the foreign-born where the children supplement the income of husband. The foreign-born is the only group showing families receiving incomes from husband and boarders and lodgers. The native-born of foreign father show the highest proportion having incomes from sources or combination of sources not before specified, followed by the foreign-born and native-born of native father in the order named.

Of the foreign-born races the Magyars show the largest proportion with the husband only contributing to the family income and the South Italians the smallest. On the other hand, the Swedish, closely followed by the Welsh, show the highest and the South Italians the lowest proportion where the husband and children constitute the sole source of income. The last-named race, with 51.8 per cent, shows by far the largest proportion of families whose income is derived from husband and boarders or lodgers, while no Swedish families report incomes from this source. A larger proportion of Swedish families than those of any other race have incomes from sources or combination of sources not before specified, but all other races show more than 10 per cent of the families having incomes from this source.

RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF THE DIFFERENT SOURCES OF FAMILY

INCOME.

The relative importance of the different sources of income of the families studied in the community may be seen from the table next presented, which shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the per cent of total yearly income from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources.

TABLE 292.-Per cent of total family income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. One family is excluded which reports income as "none."]

Of 368 families reporting 65.5 per cent of the yearly family incomes were from earnings of husbands, 23.1 per cent from contributions of children, 7.9 per cent from boarders or lodgers, and small proportions from wives and from sources not specified. Among the different nativity groups the native-born of native father show a considerably larger proportion of the yearly income as coming from the earnings of the husband than the foreign-born, who in turn show a higher proportion than the native-born of foreign father, while on the other hand the native-born of foreign father show a higher proportion of the yearly income of families coming from contributions of children than either of the other groups. The foreign-born show slightly more than 10 per cent of the family income as coming from boarders or lodgers, while the native-born of foreign father show slightly more than 1 per cent and the nativeborn of native father show none as coming from this source.

Of the foreign-born races, the South Italians, with practically 75 per cent of the income from the earnings of the husbands, show the highest from this source and the Swedes show the lowest. The contributions from children are considerably higher in the case of the Swedes than any other race and lower in the case of the South Italians, while a very much larger proportion of the total income of the Magyars is received from boarders and lodgers than any other race, no other race receiving as much as 10 per cent from this source. The proportion received from other sources is small in the case of each race

48296°- -VOL 17-11-26

CHAPTER IV.

WORKING CONDITIONS.

Regularity of employment-The immigrant and organized labor-[Text Tables 293 to 295 and General Table 217].

REGULARITY OF EMPLOYMENT.

The regularity of employment offered, as well as the relative industriousness of the members of the several races employed in Community E, is set forth in the following table, which shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the months worked during the past year by males in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over and who were employed away from home:

TABLE 293.-Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Of 792 male employees who are 16 years of age or over and are employed away from home, 29.7 per cent worked the full year, 76.1 per cent worked nine months or over out of the past year, 96.7 per cent worked six months or over, and 99.9 per cent worked three months or over. The employees who are native-born of foreign father show 59.8 per cent who worked the full year. The employees who are native-born whites of native father show 53.9 per cent and the employees of foreign birth only 21.3 per cent who worked for this length of time. The native-born of foreign father show the highest percentage who worked nine months or over, the native-born whites of native

father and the foreign-born following in the order named. The nativeborn of foreign father show 99.1 per cent who worked six months or over, the native whites born of native father and the foreign-born following in somewhat similar proportions. Both the foreign-born and the native-born whites of native father show 100 per cent working three months or over, while the native-born of foreign father show 99.1 per cent who worked for this period of time. Of the native-born of foreign father, employees whose fathers were born in Sweden show the highest percentage who worked twelve months and nine months or over out of the past year. Of employees of foreign birth the Swedish show the highest per cent who worked for twelve months and nine months or over, while only 8.5 per cent of the South Italians worked the full twelve months and 62.2 per cent of the Magyars worked nine months or over. The Swedish and Polish employees show 100 per cent who worked six months or over as contrasted with only 93 per cent of the South Italians who were employed for the abovementioned time during the past year.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the months worked during the past year by females in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over and who were employed away from home:

TABLE 294.-Months worked during the past year by females 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The following table shows that of the females 16 years of age or over who are employed away from home 72.7 per cent worked twelve months, 92.7 per cent worked nine months or over, 98.2 per cent worked six months or over and three months or over. A considerably higher percentage of the native whites born of native father worked twelve months than did the native-born of foreign father, while the latter show a higher per cent who worked nine months or over than the former. Both the native whites born of native father and the native-born of foreign father show 100 per cent who worked six months or over.